四种社交状态的模型——独处、一对一、小团体、大团体,更清晰地理解自己的社交偏好。
如今,人人都知道内向和外向这些概念。
虽然卡尔·荣格在20世纪初首先定义了这一概念,但近年来才进入主流,出现在新闻节目、TED演讲和书籍上。
人们对这个话题的兴趣不断增长,我甚至在街上听到陌生人谈论相关话题。
2012年,苏珊·凯恩出版了一本关于这个话题的书,名为《内向性格的竞争力:
发挥你的本来优势》(Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking)
什么能比一本歌颂内向者优点的书更能大获成功呢?
面對Comfort Zone外的挑戰會迎來恐懼,甚至是挫敗。
在突破Comfort Zone時,我們不須要追求一步登天;
相反,我們可以由作出一些小改變開始,當自己開始適應生活上的改變以及隨之而來的不安後,我們可以逐漸探索更多Comfort Zone外的空間。
這樣我們便無須面對過多的壓力,能夠將不安控制在最佳水平附近,使自己的表現不會受到太多影響。
每一次的小成功都可以令我們對自己更加有信心,對未來更加有希望。
要突破Comfort Zone,我們亦應該調整自己的心態。
離開熟悉的環境意味住更大機會遇到挫敗,我們需要培養自己的成長心態(Growth Mindset)來面對挑戰。
成長心態指我們會認為能力並不是天生注定的,而是可以靠後天訓練出來,每一次的失敗都是一個令自己學習並成長的機會,因此不必害怕失敗。
成長心態可以令我們訓練自己的毅力,使我們更有能力在一次又一次的挫敗中重新振作,繼續突破自己的舒適圈。
Facebook創辦人Mark Zuckerberg說過︰「The biggest risk is not taking any risk. In a world that’s changing really quickly, the only strategy that is guaranteed to fail is not taking risks. 」在這個快速轉變的時代,我們更應該在風險中成長,不斷提升自己的適應力,樹洞香港深信每個人都有自己尚未被發掘的潛能,透過正向心理學,期望能助你實現自我,成就美好的未來。
樹洞香港現亦有提供專業輔導服務,心理學服務並非單單為精神困擾而設,更是助你更加了解自己,在一個舒適的環境中讓你能梳理自己的思緒,突破阻礙,助你找到你想要的生活。
以前的人對紋身有著一套較負面的思想,認為紋身是一種精神病理學的標誌,精神學家更將紋身描述為暴露狂(exhibitionism)和受虐狂(masochism)的特徵 (Copes & Forsyth, 1993)。
他們認為擁有紋身的人是屬於情感不成熟、不能自控、衝動等,更有學者認為這些人有自虐傾向,喜歡以皮肉之苦來表達自己。
這些病態化的思想相信亦與當年的文化禁忌有關,令紋身一直被歧視。
但當時亦有一套較適用於現時社會的說法,就是外向及內外型的刺激理論(stimulation theory)。
Hans Jürgen Eysenck 及 Sybil Eysenck 早於 1967 提出,一個人的外向性(extraversion)及內向性(introversion)取決於他的皮質層激發(cortical arousal),繼而影響他對外界事物的反應。
內向的人有著較高水平的皮質層激發,所以他們會對外界的刺激更敏感,因此他們會避免過度的刺激。
相反,外向的人有著較低水平的皮質層激發,所以他們會刻意去尋求刺激感。
利用這套理論,學者指出大多數有紋身的人都是外向的,他們希望通過紋身獲得社會刺激,吸引他人的注意 (Copes & Forsyth, 1993)。
而近年的研究也支持這論點,指出有紋身的人在 Big Five 的測試中擁有較多的外向性特質 (Swami, 2012)。
此外,他們還擁有較高的獨特性需求(need for uniqueness )及與眾不同的外觀投資(distinctive appearace investment),藉此證明喜愛紋身的人都渴望「顯得不一樣」。
紋身能助你對抗創傷?
Crompton et al. (2020) 談及創傷後的紋身(Tattoos in the wake of trauma),解釋了紋身如何幫創傷者自我療癒,而其中之一就是令他們見證創傷(witnessing the trauma so it will not be forgotten)。
很多創傷者在研究中說出,他們需要一些「疤痕」來記下心理的無形創傷(invisible psychological injury)。
這些紋身不但給他們一個表達的渠道,更有助他們連繫其他創傷者,釋放內心的孤獨感。
而另一個原因是改變及重新控制(transformation and reagining control of one’s body)。
創傷者往往會感受到強烈的無力感,而紋身的「痛」正好能令他們重新感受自己,重新控制他們的身體和情感。
所以,紋身的過程就像是一個講述人生轉變的故事,而紋身師亦被稱上是「半個心理學家」。
紋身看似是個人形象的追求,但它能賦予你的意義卻比那一個符號、那一句句子還要多。
每人的紋身有著他獨有的意義, 所以我們亦不應批評別人的習慣與追求。
但當你們選擇紋身前,不妨花點時間想一想,這個一輩子的印記對你來說有甚麼意義呢?
總結而言,我們能透過在生活上與他人保持良好關係和關心別人,從事一些自己喜愛和有興趣的事達到心流狀態以獲取正面情緒,並在生活中領略和尋找出對自己重要的意義且投入能量、精神來達成屬於你的成就,這樣便能獲得持續的幸福感。
幸福感除了能帶給我們持久的快樂之外,也能在亂世、危難當中為我們形成一層保護膜,讓我們在亂世中不致感到慌張、迷失,皆因我們清楚知道自己正在追求幸福的過程中。
我們不一定要追求世俗的成功,不用活在別人訂的標準裡,只要過的有意義,對自己而言就是幸福了。
如果我們能把成功的定義轉化成幸福,相信更多人能感到成功、社會也會變得更美好。
美國著名的新聞從業員Sydney Harris說過:Happiness is a direction, not a place. 祈願各人能夠順利在各自前往幸福的路上前行,沒有終點的,持續感到幸福。
你幸福嗎?
成功即是幸福?
幸福模型(PERMA)的解構 5
朋友,你有這樣的經歷嗎?
對一件事充滿期待,終日幻想如果事成有多好。
無論是追求女(男)神、找份夢想的工作、或是買樓,這些看似遙不可及的目標,經過你不懈而艱辛的努力終於達到了!達成目標的一刻,你感覺到興奮而舒一口氣。
可是,達成這些目標過後,沒有如預想般的「Happy ever after」,你對自己說:「原來係咁咋,其實也不外如是。」於是又開始追趕下一個目標,周而復始。
如果你有這樣的經歷,你絕不孤單。
心理學研究( Gilbert 等人,1998;
Kahneman 和 Thaler,2006)發現,人們普遍大幅高估任何事情所帶來歡愉的強度或長度,悲傷亦是如是。
簡而言之,你夢寐以求的或許不會讓你如登極樂;
你最恐懼的也不致讓你置身地獄。
為何如此?
可能因為這樣帶有演化優勢(Evolutionary Advantage)。
任何物種得以昌盛,有賴於蒐集大量資源,尢為食物與異性。
如果某物種一次滿足過後,就無慾無求,那競爭力定不如其他物種。
同理,如果一次災難就令其物種意志消沉、不思進取,該物種被淘汰也合於常理。
值得留意的是,物種昌盛不等於個體快樂,例如豬隻單憑數量而言遠遠超過狗,在演化上達到將物種基因複製再複製的目的。
可是問你情願做豬或是狗?
相信答案顯然易見吧。
人類雖然不悲慘如豬,可是在情緒的理機方面,也常受演化的詛咒,例如難於滿足、終日忙於追趕已成一例。
幸而,人之所以別於其他物種。
在於我們有打破命運的能力。
看來學習「活在當下」,重視過程而非結果是解決之道。
Life is but a journey. 人沒有被告知人生是什麼就被生於世上,可是說人生是個旅途。
那凡事就較易明白,在旅途上,就好應找些良伴、享受每刻的風景。
圖源: Caregiver Warrior
Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. P. (1998). Immune neglect: a source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of personality and social psychology, 75(3), 617.
Kahneman, D., & Thaler, R. H. (2006). Anomalies: Utility maximization and experienced utility. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 221-234.
The Happiness Hypothesis
作者:Jonathan Haidt
難度:★★☆☆☆
這本書之前已經推介過。
書本以心理學分析了十個對人生至關重要的題目,包括神、愛、逆景、道德、快樂等。
這些議題,每一個人都需要面對。
The Happiness Hypothesis 就引用了大量心理學研究,去分析探問這些議題。
並為「我生來就鬱鬱寡歡,該如何是好?」「我如何說服他人?」「爲什麼人總是自我感覺良好?」等有迫切性的疑難提出切實的建議。
雖然這些問題未必看完一本書就會解決,但本書的觀點的確新穎而具啟發性,而且閱讀過程充滿趣味,毫不離地。
範疇:道德、正義與社會心理學
好人總是自以為是:政治與宗教如何將我們四分五裂
The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion
作者:Jonathan Haidt
難度:★★☆☆☆
這本書和【象與騎象人】的作者是同一個人。
Haidt 認爲,人之所以有截然不同的政治取向,因爲不同人有不同的「道德口味」,有人比較重視苦難、也有人比較重視忠誠,而當中的分別就是不同人都真心認爲自己是正義的一方的原因:原來對大家來說「正義」是不一樣的。
看畢本書,不但對道德心理學大開眼目,更感覺人變得比較包容,願意理解對方的觀點。
路西法效應:好人是如何變成惡魔的
The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil
作者:Philip Zimbardo
難度:★★☆☆☆
這本書的作者是領導非常著名的史丹福監獄實驗的教授。
在史丹福監獄實驗中,一群心理正常的大學生被隨機分成兩組,在一個模擬的監獄扮演囚犯和獄卒。
結果令人非常驚訝:獄卒在數天以後就化身為令人害怕的魔鬼,對囚犯諸多欺壓、悔辱。
囚犯也似乎忘記了他們只是實驗的參加者,大部份對獄卒唯命是從。
實驗最終趨近失控,不得不中途腰斬。
這個實驗說明了角色與環境的巨力,能使人做出有違良知的行為。
而這本書就仔細記錄了整個過程,以及作者對道德心理學的一些觀察、分析。
範疇:商業心理學
快思慢想
Thinking, Fast and Slow
作者:Daniel Kahneman
難度:★★★☆☆
如果要說人的決策過程,就不得不提本書。
傳統的經濟學假設人是理性的動物,只要沒有和其他目標如友誼、自我型象等衝突,就能理智地最大化自己的經濟利益。
可是作者多年的研究顯示事實並非如此,人在衡量利益時,受到型型式式的認知謬誤(Cognitive Biases)影響。
作者的研究成果,在市場學、人力資源管理、定價策略都可見其蹤,故他以此曾獲諾貝爾經濟學獎。
本書讀書會
瘋潮行銷:華頓商學院最熱門的一堂行銷課!6大關鍵感染力,瞬間引爆大流行 Contagious: Why things catch on
筆者當時告訴親友自己就讀心理學,很多人的第一反應都是:「嘩!咁你咪知我諗緊乜!」如果你以爲修畢心理學就能讀心,那你一定會非常失望。
大眾對心理學的認知,大多都是來自粗濫製作的電視劇和「五秒看穿人心」一類書藉,可惜這類資訊一般和大學中的心理學截然不同。
簡而言之,現代心理學是以科學方法研究人類情緒、行為、思想的一門學科。
其發現可被應用於心理治療、提升組織效率或市場學等方面。
一般而言,心理學的研究頗為嚴謹,牽涉收集大量資料。
假設你想研究 Long D(長距離戀愛)是否會導致感情變淡,你就可能要聯絡五十對情侶,在他們 Long D 前後派發兩份問卷(試想想,要找五十對 Long D 情侶談何容易?),看看前後親密感有否變化。
當中牽涉大量行政、文書、以及處理各式各樣的突發事件(例如有人 no-show,分手等等)。
絕對不是吹水那樣輕鬆。
如果要初步了解心理學,不妨可以先讀心理學的科普讀物或教科書。
如果是科普讀物的話,筆者推薦 The Happiness Hypothesis。
讀完之後找本大學入門教科書看看,看看箇中內容是否自己所預期及喜愛。
「自我實現預言」現象最初由美國社會學家William Isaac Thomas 於1928年提出,他說「If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences」,指的是個人起初對事件的演繹會導致相應的結果發生。
後來,另一位美國社會學家Robert King Merton 首次用到「自我實現預言」 (Self-fulfilling Prophecy) 這個詞彙,並定義其為 「…a belief or expectation, correct or incorrect, could bring about a desired or expected outcome (一種不論是對與錯的信念或期望會最終導致符合期望的結果發生)」。
自尊(Self-Esteem),是個人心理狀態的基礎之一;
它的定義是人對自我價值的主觀評價,包括對自己的正面和負面看法(例如:「我值得被愛」)以及對這些看法的感受和情緒狀態,例如絕望、喜悅,驕傲和難過等。
相信不少人都希望擁有健康的自尊,以改善自我形象、心理健康、以至人際關係、事業發展等。
不過,自我評價這個概念十分含糊,要提升自尊應如何入手呢?
心理學家Dr Michele Borba提出了自尊分成不同範疇,合稱為自尊五感(The Five Building Blocks of Self-Esteem)。
自尊五感的「五感」分別是:(1)安全感(Security)、(2)獨特感(Selfhood)、(3)聯繫感(Affiliation)、(4)能力感(Competence)、(5)方向感(Mission)。
接下來,本文將會和大家更詳細解釋自尊五感以及分享改善它們的方法。
Droit-Volet, S., Chaulet, M., Dutheil, F., & Dambrun, M. (2019). Mindfulness meditation, time judgment and time experience: Importance of the time scale considered (seconds or minutes). PloS one, 14(10).
Mioni, G., Stablum, F., Prunetti, E., & Grondin, S. (2016). Time perception in anxious and depressed patients: A comparison between time reproduction and time production tasks. Journal of affective disorders, 196, 154-163.
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological bulletin, 133(1), 65.
Wittmann, M., & Paulus, M. P. (2016). How the experience of time shapes decision-making. In Neuroeconomics (pp. 133-144). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
當人們遇上危險時,腎上腺皮質會分泌壓力荷爾蒙- 皮質醇(cortisol),它是一種體內的警報系統,促使身體調配更多的能量以應對外來威脅。
但眾所周知,長時間處於緊張的警報狀態對身體必然有負面影響。
大量的文獻已證實缺乏充足睡眠會令人體皮質醇(cortisol)上升。
當身體長期維持高水平的皮質醇時,大腦的海馬體和前額葉皮質(prefrontal cortex – 負責人體思考、運算及自我控制的區域) 的細胞會遭皮質醇破壞、或減慢以上區域的腦細胞再生能力(neurogenesis),從而影響了我們思考和學習的能力。
奉勸各位– 早唞啦你!
筆者絕不認同青春是一切透支睡眠、犧牲健康的本錢。
睡眠不足所引申的負面影響,絕對不是「補眠」所能補償的。
所以,讓我藉此向大家講一聲: 「早抖啦你!」
參考文獻:
Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017). The sleep-deprived human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(7), 404.
Kreutzmann, J. C., Havekes, R., Abel, T., & Meerlo, P. (2015). Sleep deprivation and hippocampal vulnerability: changes in neuronal plasticity, neurogenesis and cognitive function. Neuroscience, 309, 173-190.
Mueller, A. D., Pollock, M. S., Lieblich, S. E., Epp, J. R., Galea, L. A., & Mistlberger, R. E. (2008). Sleep deprivation can inhibit adult hippocampal neurogenesis independent of adrenal stress hormones. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 294(5), R1693-R1703.
Ólafsdóttir, H. F., Bush, D., & Barry, C. (2018). The role of hippocampal replay in memory and planning. Current Biology, 28(1), R37-R50.
“Sleep Shrinks the Brain” in SA Mind 28, 3, 17 (May 2017) doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0517-17a
心理學家Angela Duckworth在2016年出版《Grit︰The Power of Passion and Perseverance》一書。
她指出毅力是由恆心(Perseverance)和熱誠(Passion)組成的。
當我們理解毅力的概念時,我們很多時都只會集中在恆心上,反思自己或者他人能否在遇到阻礙時依然繼續自己的計劃,卻忽略了熱誠在任何活動或者目標中扮演的角色。
在一次和另一名心理學家的對談中,Duckworth提到雖然大部分人都想知道如何能夠堅持完成目標,但大部分人卻找不到自己的熱誠所在。
熱誠是須要人主動去尋找的,過程可能會費上不少時間,但它是毅力不可或缺的一部分。
缺少了熱誠,單純的工作只能稱得上是一份苦差甚至是折磨。
毅力並不是指人如何可以在苦悶的工作中捱下去,而是如何在一段長時間下堅守信念,為目標而奮鬥。
Keefer, L. A., Landau, M. J., Rothschild, Z. K., & Sullivan, D. (2012). Attachment to objects as compensation for close others’ perceived unreliability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(4), 912-917.
Steketee, G., & Frost, R. (2010). Stuff: Compulsive hoarding and the meaning of things. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Yap, K., & Grisham, J. R. (2019). Unpacking the construct of emotional attachment to objects and its association with hoarding symptoms. Journal of behavioral addictions, 8(2), 249-258.
《甚麼人會感到更深的痛苦?
疼痛感知 Pain Perception》- From Lo’s Psychology Facebook 專頁 (雲系列)
卡爾.榮格(Carl Jung)曾說︰「不是我創造了自己,而是我發生在自己身上」 (“It is not I who create myself, rather I happen to myself”)要走出傷痛,並有所成長,我們要學會如何適當地放下;
而要放下,我們不但要面對自己,更要了解自己面對傷痛時的心理及其影響,這樣我們才可作出有關自身心理的選擇。
雖然了解這些心理機制、客觀面對挫折和相關的情緒不能直接使我們放下傷痛,但是這些知識和技巧指出了一條道路—一條可能我們走出挫折與哀傷,走向釋懷與成長的道路。
冒名頂替症候群(Imposter Syndrome),別稱冒名頂替現象(Imposter Phenomenon),源於心理學家 Pauline R. Clance 和 Suzanne A. Imes 在 1978 年發表的研究。
研究發現一些成功女性縱然已得到出色的學術表現或專業上的成就,她們也會覺得自己配不上社會和別人的肯定,甚至認為自己是一個欺騙了別人的「冒牌貨 」(Clance & Imes, 1978)。
後來的研究發現這種現象不限於女性,原來社會上的男性也會遇到這個問題 (Imes et al, 1980)。
學者指出大約七成人患有冒名頂替症候群,而這個現象在不同的行業亦十分普遍,例如醫生、護士、教師、行政人員等等(Sakulku, 2011)。
即使那些高成就的人確實擁有實際的才能,他們也無法相信自己的成就是歸於自己的能力。
他們往往覺得自己是僥倖或是令別人誤以為他們有能力,並深怕有一天別人會識穿他們只是個一無是處的「騙子」。
「冒名頂替症候群」的種類
學者 V. Young 指出,冒名頂替症候群共有5個種類,分別是「完美主義者」、「天才」、「超人」、「專家」和「獨行俠」(Young, 2011)。
「完美主義者」要求自己做事100%完美,微少的失誤也會令他們自認為失敗者。
「天才」則認為成功源自天生的才能,努力和堅持都是弱者的表現。
「超人」覺得自己在生活上應面面俱到,每一個角色和身份也要盡善盡美。
「專家」認為自己要有龐大的知識量和眾多的技能,害怕別人覺得自己甚麼都不會。
「獨行俠」總是想靠一己之力完成所有事,認為弱者才會尋求幫助。
成因
目前學者未有十分確切的答案。
心理學家認為「冒名頂替症候群」和個人特質或性格有關。
這類人大多有低自尊、負面的自我概念 (Clance & Imes, 1978)和完美主義的傾向(Henning et al., 1998)。
而在五大性格特質(Big Five Personality)中,他們大多屬高神經質的一群,容易受到外界刺激而產生焦慮、憤怒和抑鬱等負面情緒 (Bernard et al., 2002)。
有研究發現這類人大多有焦慮型依附 (Gibson-Beverly & Schwartz, 2008),且童年時受到家長嚴格的管教,在高壓的環境下難以建立自我肯定(Sonnak & Towell, 2001)。
“The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be understood. The best way to understand people is to listen to them ” – 雷夫尼可斯
輔導工作的重點是透過積極聆聽 (Active Listening)幫助當事人在輔導過程中能夠感受及體驗那些被否定的經驗(Denied Experience)。
不少當事人在工作環境中累積著許多壓力,在人際關係中出現不少情緒。
那些情緒及壓力的出現某程度上是一些訊號,那些訊號會透過身體反應、感受、思想及行為傳達訊息給當事人,提醒他們可能需要休息,提醒他們需要注意一下自己的內在需求。
可是,那些情緒及壓力有時候會被否定,有可能是因為表達情緒的時候會被認為是小氣的表演;
有可能覺得作為成年人需要堅強面對。
因此,當那些經驗不斷被否定,身心長期維持不一致的狀態,浪費過多資源,長遠會影響情緒、人際關係、工作質素甚至身體健康。
受過專業訓練的輔導工作者能夠運用同理心(Empathy)理解當事人的情緒甚至那些被壓抑的感受(Repressed emotions),真正做到聆聽。
我們相信心理學服務能夠提供一個不批判的氛圍,幫助您表達並接納那些你自己也難以接納的感受。
我們相信這樣能讓您梳理好自己的內在世界,重新調整自己的目標及生活,發展自己的潛能,達致自我實踐(Self-Actualization)。
「為甚麼只有北半球有佛寺和和尚?」「因為南無阿彌陀佛。」
這個笑話不太好笑。
但是你有想過笑話為甚麼好笑嗎?
佛洛伊德在《The Joke and Its Relation to the Unconscious》一書中,為笑話提出了一系列的精神分析理論。
讓我們一起花3分鐘看看精神分析師是如何看待笑話,以及如何將潛意識的理論套用到幽默當中。
注意長度(attention span)是指一個人能夠在一件工作上保持專注、不分心的時間。
我們會時常誤以為自己有不錯的集中力,可是,原來大多數人每天完全集中的時間只是區區72分鐘,而我們更往往會把時間花在無關重要的小事上,使我們的專注時間更短。
有實驗發現,原定要溫習15分鐘的中學生,因為電話通知、電郵等的影響而分心,溫習時間明顯較短。
現今社會雖然提倡所謂「一心多用」,可是其實我們只是在不斷地轉換工作,難以維持較長的注意長度,亦要在每項工作上花更多時間進入狀態;
而由於科技令大量資訊排山倒海地擁到我們面前,分心的問題因而大幅惡化。
資訊科技的發達,使我們在工作時更容易因鈴聲、震動等通知而分心,注意長度下降,令我們的工作效率下降。
要集中工作,可以有兩個方向。
在善用時間方面,既然我們真正的集中時間這樣短,我們就應專注於大目標,並趁空閒或可能受干擾的時間完成不太需要創意的工作。
在延長注意長度,暫時放下科技不失為一個好方法。
心理學家 Dr. Larry Rosen 建議我們工作時可以把手機鈴聲、提示、電郵等關掉15分鐘,並漸漸延長關掉科技產品的時間。
這樣我們既可以繼續利用資訊科技帶來的方便,又可以在工作時更集中,可謂一舉兩得。
提高工作效率方法三:站着工作
美國有研究團隊把一個客戶服務中心的員工分成兩組,一組員工使用傳統的辦公桌椅,另一組則獲發容許員工站起來工作、可以調較高度的桌子。
6個月後團隊發現可站立的員工效率高出42%。
負責研究的 Dr. Mark Benden 相信,這是由於人站起時血液循環更佳,因此效率更高;
他更建議員工不應只是坐在或站在某處,而是應該可以到處站立和四周走動,公司更可考慮安裝腳欄以便員工站住時卸力。
下次工作感到困倦時,可以考慮站一下,走一走。
(筆者也是站住完成本文,效果的確不錯)
日常生活當中,每日都會遇到很多問題。
在不經不覺間,我們會因而感到煩燥、感到不肯定。
很多時候,其實只要靜下來,花一點點時間去觀察自己的感覺,就會發現其實感到的壓力或焦慮並沒有想像的差。
古羅馬哲學家、愛比克泰德(Epictetus)曾說:「人們的困擾不是來自事情的本身,而是來自他們對事情的看法。」(“Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them.”)。
愛比克泰德本人也有每天寫日記的習慣,不論他當天經歷了作為羅馬奴隸階層的各種痛苦。
現代心理學亦對日記的效用作了大量研究。
結果大概可以分為幾類:
(a)減少抑鬱症狀的程度(如,Gortner, Rude & Pennebaker, 2006,及Krpan, Kross, Berman, Deldin, Askren & Jonides, 2013)、
(b)降低焦慮(如,Hasanzadeh, Khoshknab & Norozi, 2012)、以及
(c)減輕壓力(如,Ullrich & Lutgendorf, 2002)。
作為低成本的方法(你只需要一支筆、一本筆記簿和每天20分鐘!),日記對心理健康的效用具有大量科學實證。
“Techniques are like tools:The more you have, the more options for getting a job done –but you have to know what you are building first.”
– 家庭治療師 約瑟米庫奇
「唉!咁麻煩,咁我都係唔好理佢地,自己做翻自己野算。」其實,一個家庭及團隊作為一個社會體系,有十分覆雜的特質。
根據家庭治療師Goldenberg的理論,一個家庭及團隊存在著十分多潛規則、角色及覆雜關係,當兩個人的關係出現緊張狀況(Tension)時,其他成員也會意識到整個關係結構及規則有機會被打破,為了盡量保持結構穩定,他們會以不同方法介入沖突,務求保持結構穩定。
很可惜,Jacky及David的矛盾後來擴展到團員衝突,他們開始怪責並促使其他隊員站在自己一方。
三角關係(Triangulation)就在這個時候產生。
著名代間家庭治療(Transgenerational Family Therapy)創立人Murray Bowen指出當家庭中的兩人出現關係緊張(Tension)時,其中有機會將問題的張力𨍭移及指向第三方,希望引入第三者掩蓋及舒緩雙方關係中的壓力及張力。
舉一個例子説明,一對父母正在吵架或冷戰,後來母親為了緩和衝突所衍生的張力,便開始把注意力指向女兒,責罵她家務做不好、功課及成積欠佳等;
又促使女兒與自己聯合同一陣線,要求她對自己忠心,令問題的張力轉到女兒身上。
因此,女兒不但會因為被迫要站到某方而感到矛盾及撕裂,更會把其他人的關係中的責任背負到自己身上。
三角關係不但不能幫助改進關係,反而因為第三方背起關係張力裏的責任,令二人未能面對衝突及問題,障礙了二人在個人及關係中的成長。
未來專頁將會更新更多心理學及輔導學資訊,希望各位持續關注專頁,喜歡的請 like 及 share, 如欲知道更多心理輔導資訊,歡迎聯絡樹洞香港。
參考:
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Northvale, NJ: J. Aronson.
由於反社會人格者沒有情感上的包袱,看待風險這回事比較客觀和更願意冒險,所以當「危機」出現的時候,他們會較容易出手。
反觀普通人買股票時常犯的錯誤,例如因市場氣氛興奮而買進股票,然後又會因市場氣氛冷淡忍痛沽出股票,或者許多摸頂長揸不肯止蝕的例子,都體現了普通人和反社會人格者的不一樣。
反社會人格者則不容易犯這種錯誤,他們可以毫不猶豫地執行止蝕,不受情緒影響。
反社會人格者具有絕對自利的理性頭腦,天生對於周遭的環境有敏銳的洞察力,輕而易舉便嗅出不同利害關係。
大家即使不學習他們剝削他人的行為,只學習其觀察之術,不必圖人所好,僅知人所想,已足以避免很多矛盾和衝突。
筆者之見,反社會人格者其實比普通人更認識溝通的藝術(The Art of Communication)。
Painter, K. (1996). The influence of street lighting improvements on crime, fear and pedestrian street use, after dark. Landscape and Urban Planning, 35, 193-201.
Steidle, A., Werth, L., & Hanke, E.-V. (2011). You Can’t See Much in the Dark: Darkness Affects Construal Level and Psychological Distance. Social Psychology, 42(3), 174-184.
Werth, L., Steidle, A., & Hanke, E.-V. (2012). Getting Close in the Dark: Darkness Increases Cooperation. Proceedings of experiencing light 2012 : international conference on the effects of light on wellbeing (pp. 4-8). Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.
Zhong, C. B., Bohns , V. K., & Gino , F. (2010). Good Lamps Are the Best Police: Darkness Increases Dishonesty and Self-Interested Behavior. Psychological Science, 21(3), 311-314.
意識,顧名思義就是我們當刻直接為意到的東西。
佛洛伊德會用著名的冰山理論(Iceberg Theory of Consciousness)去描述這層浮上水面的意識 —— 水面上的東西是我們即時為意到的,比起整個冰山,意識只是很小的一部份。
比如說你正在吃飯,在煩惱點什麼吃好。
這時候你的意識就只是各種食物的選項。
意識的最下層,就是潛意識了。
佛洛伊德認爲,潛意識估整個意識的最大部份。
試想想,每天都有很多事會發生,但之後我們能記着(在前意識)的只佔極小部份,但其實每一件事都會影響你的潛意識。
而和前意識不同,潛意識的內容是你不能靠一般方法回想起的。
之前我說到對父母的性慾,佛洛伊德認爲,這個慾望就存在於潛意識之中。
為什麼在潛意識之中?
是上文說過的自我防衛機制 —— 想和自己的父母做愛,但知道現實並不可行(因爲同性相親的競爭)會構成痛苦,爲了保護自己,就只好把這個慾望壓抑至潛意識之中,讓自己不再想起。
雖然我們並不能為意到潛意識的內容,但潛意識時時刻刻都在影響着我們的行為想法。
這個想法用哲學家叔本華(Arthur Schopenhauer – 佛洛伊德的想法實際上深受叔本華影響)的名言描述指為貼切:“A man can do what he wants, but not want what he wants” 在日常生活中,我們會有不同的想法出現在意識當中,我們更可以選擇按這些想法行動與否,但我們卻無法選擇什麼想法出現,這些想法好像就是無端端出現一般。按精神分析學的觀點,不同想法出現,其實就是潛意識的呈現,只是的們不為意如此。
再談戀母情意結(或戀父情意結),雖然我們不會有和父母做愛的想法。
但當我們遇上心儀的異性,情不自禁地喜歡着他,按精神分析觀點,其實就是潛意識和父母做愛的慾望,經過合乎社會規範的扭曲(Disguise)呈現。
提及痛苦與人生意義的關係,必須要提到現代意義治療(Existential Therapy) 之父 Viktor Frankl。
Viktor Frankl 是在二戰時代德國出生的猶太心理學家。
生於戰亂時代,縱然已成為心理學家的他亦無可倖免地被囚禁在集中營。
在集中營裡,他仍然肩負著心理學家的使命,為囚友提供心理治療,並且從中觀察。
他開始留意究竟哪一類人比較容易熬過集中營的煎熬,又有哪些人熬不過。
他發現,知道自己為何要受集中營的煎熬的人是最大機會熬得過的。
舉例說,有些人很期待與家人重聚;
或者就他本人而言,他希望等到獲釋的一日,發表自己的心理學著作。
就是這些原因,令得被囚禁的人可以堅持下去。
反之,那些覺得生無可戀,就算獲釋也不知道自己要做甚麼的人,在極其嚴荷的環境下很容易便會放棄。
當你看到一個人在集中營裡靜靜地抽煙的時候,通常他的下一步就是自殺。
為甚麼呢?
因為香煙就是集中營裡的貨幣,可以賄賂獄卒、購買食物、進行林林總總的交易。
當一個人為了一刻歡愉而放棄手中可以支撐自己繼續存活的貨幣的時候,代表他已經陷入了絕望的狀態。
在如此嚴荷的環境下,人生意義或心智質素可能是比身體條件更重要,更能令人支撐下去的原因。
哲學家尼采(Friedrich Nietzsche)有一名言:”Those who have a ‘why’ to live, can almost bear any ‘how’.” 翻譯成中文的話便是:「人只要知道自己為了甚麼而受苦,便能承受所有煎熬。」
讀到這裡的你可能會想:我又不是心理學家要發表理論;
別說家庭了,連伴侶也是從缺⋯⋯那該怎麼辦?
我要如何找到我的人生意義?
每個人的人生觀和世界觀不盡相同,當大家對不同事物有不同的看法及優先順序,人生意義亦會大相徑庭,找到人生意義的路可能曲折蜿蜒,筆者想在此提供三個助你探索人生意義的方法,為大家點一盞引路燈。
總感到迷惘,不清楚人生意義?
三個助你探索意義的方向 4
相信不少人都曾經想過成長經歷會如何影響自己今時今日的個性發展。
提出心理社會發展理論(psychosocial development theory)的艾力遜(Erik Erikson)在年輕時修讀過精神分析學(psychoanalysis),而在成為一位治療師後,艾力遜繼續研究人類的心理發展,並延伸了佛洛伊德的心理性發展理論(psychosexual theory of development),提出了常被人稱為「人生八階」的心理社會發展理論(theory of stages of psychosocial development)。
對心理學有認識的人士都會知道,心理學是「the scientific study of the mind and behaviour」,除了精神(mind)和行為(behaviour)之外,另一個重點就是科學(scientific)。
在進行科學研究時,我們通常的步驟都是︰觀察、提出問題、作出假設、驗證。
科學精神極講求實證和嚴謹的推論,而非單純在觀察或者猜想之後的泛泛之談。
一般受到科學支持的技巧或者訓練,專家會先參考已有的理論或者模型,再在理論中提煉出可以轉化為實際技巧的元素;
當技巧或者訓練漸趨成熟時,專家會收集數據,以統計學分析出訓練的成效或者技巧的應用是否真的顯著,並不斷檢驗當中的細節,使其更加完善。
由此可見,真正的心理學訓練或者技巧都在「設計」和「驗證」階段經過兩重嚴格的科學推論。
反之,PUA的理論並非源於有證據支持的科學研究,暫時亦未有太多的研究驗證過PUA技巧的成效。
科學就是一個充滿批判和懷疑的學科。
雖然有語言學研究(Hambling-Jones & Merrison,2012)和心理學博士(Nicholson,2013)比較過PUA和心理學理論的相似性,我仍認為我們在看待PUA或者其他類型的課程時也應該以一個科學家的角度,在未有結論之前都先抱住懷疑的態度。
心理學原則二︰倫理道德
退一萬步而言,PUA哪怕真的符合科學標準,它依然是一個違反普世道德價值的概念。
心理學家無論是在研究或者提供服務時,都有一系列的倫理守則需要遵守,當中的五個基本原則包括︰有益並無害(beneficence and nonmaleficence)、忠誠並負責任(fidelity and responsibility)、誠實(integrity)、公平(justice)和尊重他人權力與尊嚴(respect for people’s rights and dignity)。
如果以這套原則來審視PUA,我們會發現PUA和這些原則大相逕庭。
PUA其中一個最常被現代人攻擊的地方是其理念將女性視為一種獵物,認為PUA可以將女性的意志玩弄在股掌中。
而在PUA眾多的技巧中,最為人詬病的可能是提倡貶低女性,從而使女性依附於自己;
若女性拒絕PUA專家的勾搭,又會被以「bitch shield」等字眼攻擊。
PUA專家的動機很大部分都不是關懷異性,而是出於誘騙異性以發展親密關係。
如此,PUA會對女性造成傷害,當中理論主張使用欺騙的手法和不必對關係負責,其對女性的態度更加漠視了女性的個人價值以及尊嚴。
當現代愈來愈注重人權、平等,這些價值大多都和PUA的核心思想相差甚遠。
即使PUA能有效提高男性結識女性的機會,其理論缺乏道德基礎,使人難以認同其理念和手法。
吸引力法則(The Law of Attraction)[1],好像是眾多「心靈雞湯」中頗爲熱門的理論。
源自《秘密》一書,其內容主張整個宇宙和自己的心靈有種連結,當心念的力量夠強,就能影響所謂的「宇宙頻率」吸引你想要的任何事物。
所以只要信念夠強,無事不可成。
而人生所有失敗,包括天災倫常慘劇,其實都是自己吸引的。吸引力法則其實是個偽科學理論,但我認為吸引力法則之所以風行,是因爲吸引力法則部份理論的確有心理學基礎,例如信念確且和個人成功息息相關。
下文分兩部份:我會先簡介和吸引力法則相關的心理學理論,包括安慰劑效應(Placebo Effect)和自我現實預言(Self- Fulfilling Prohency)。
其後我會介紹公正世界理論(Just World Theory)並以此分析吸引力法則背後的核心思想,顯示吸引力法則實質上是一個非常自私而且脫離現實的理論。
吸引力法則實在配不上「心靈雞湯」的名號,頂多叫「心靈棒棒糖」好了,吃的時候或許有點快感,可是長遠對心靈健康必定有害無益。
[1] Howell, R. T., & Hill, G. (2009). The Mediators of Experiential Purchases: Determining the Impact of Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Social Comparison. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 511-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760903270993
[2] Jenkinson, C. E., Dickens, A. P., Jones, K., Thompson-Coon, J., Taylor, R. S., Rogers, M., Bambra, C. L., Lang, I., & Richards, S. H. (2013). Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers. BMC public health, 13, 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-773
[3] Fowler, J. H., Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study BMJ; 337 :a2338 doi:10.1136/bmj.a2338
[4] Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2002). Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 25(3), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0475
[5] https://www.healthline.com/health/positive-self-talk#benefits-of-self%E2%80%93talk
相信大家最近幾個月或多或少都會被社會狀況影響,導致一些負面思緒浮現,樹洞團隊想藉這篇文章跟大家分享幾個由正向心理學角度令你變得更快樂的方法。
Martin Seligman – 正向心理學之父
圖片來源:https://www.prospectivepsych.org/content/steering-committee-0
心理學在發展初期的時候大部分的精力都是花在精神病的治療上。
因為心理學發源時期較接近第二次世界大戰的年代。
戰爭、動盪不安的局勢使得普羅大眾惶惶不得終日,所以當時的心理學探討的對象都是比較病態的問題。
直至二戰結束後,思想風漸漸變得樂觀,開始有一些心理學家例如 Martin Seligman 去探討如何運用正向心理學去幫助人們過一個好的生活。
簡而言之,正向心理學就是運用科學方法探討何謂「好的生活」,而「快樂」就是其中一項重要的議題。
三個令你變得更快樂的方法
正向心理學非常有趣又具實踐性。
你有想過原來搬家也會令你更快樂嗎?
快樂基線 (Happiness Baseline)
The Happiness Baseline – Set Point Theory by Brickman (1978)
快樂基線 (Happiness Baseline) 是正向心理學的其中一個重要理論。
意思是,絕大部份的事年,不管是好到讓你快樂無比;
或是壞得令你痛不欲生,你的快樂程度都會慢慢回復到它的基線。
只要有足夠的時間,人類是能夠適應大部分的事件,安然無恙地活下去。
但是,一些心理研究指出兩種例外的情況,分別為:居住環境的噪音及居住與工作環境的距離。
首先,人是不能適應噪音的。
因為噪音會令我們無時無刻保持一個非常警覺的狀態下。
而有研究指出,通勤時間過長的話亦會影響快樂水平。
以上兩種情況有一個共通點,就是會無甚意義地消耗我們有限的精力。
對於有限的資源,我們都想盡量放在更有意義的地方上。
所以,如果你的居所長期有噪音滋擾,又或者距離你的工作環境較遠的話,筆者建議你為自己的心理健康及快樂著想,可以考慮一下搬家的可能性。
將你寶貴的精力留在更有意義的地方上。
很多心理學研究一致認同,當人找到自己在社會的角色會變得更快樂。
首先,我們需要融洽的社交關係,有可以互相支持的朋友。
當你得到別人支持,及感到被需要的時候,你會感覺到自己是有價值和被重視的。
除了社交關係外,找到人生在世的意義亦是非常重要的一環。
或許你我都曾經思考過:我們可以為社會或團體貢獻些甚麼呢?
現在做的事情,受的痛苦,到底是為了甚麼呢?
一位著名的心理學家 Viktor Frankl 提及,只要人了解到吃苦背後的意義,那麼我們承受痛苦的能力會因為有意義變得更大,以致我們可以承受比想像中更大或更多的痛苦。
Victor Frankl – By Prof. Dr. Franz Vesely, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15153593
雖然這個方法需要更長的時間去執行,也無法像上述兩個方法一樣短期內收到效果,但是凡事都有其開端,千里之行始於足下,以下提供兩個起步點供各位讀者參考:
心理學家一般認為藍色會令人連繫到和平、冷靜和安定 (Gerend & Sias, 2009)。
提到「藍色的窗簾」,也許每個人對這種顏色會有不同的聯想。
但色彩心理學的專家普遍認為藍色有平復情緒之用 (Xia et al., 2016)。
有研究發現藍色的燈光有助減輕壓力和放鬆情緒 (Minguillon et al., 2017)。
如當日本的一些火車站換上了藍色的 LED 燈後,該處的自殺率大幅減少了 84% (Matsubayashi et al., 2013)。
而當紐約市部分地區換上了藍色的街燈後,室外的犯罪率亦下降了 39% (Chalfin et al., 2021)。
亦有研究指出,藍光令人思緒更清晰,有助我們處理需要高度專注力的事務 (Cajochen et al., 2011; Talliard et al., 2012)。
在市場營銷和品牌設計方面,藍色的商標多數給人可信、穩重和忠誠的印象 (Labrecque & Milne, 2012),常用於商務或金融企業,例子有 IBM 、 PayPal 和 American Express 等。
當然,從藝術的角度而言,藍色一般代表憂鬱或失落之感,如畢卡索的「藍色時期」就充斥著各種壓抑、悲涼之畫作。
可謂每個領域對一種顏色也會有不同的定義。
每個人對顏色的感覺都十分主觀,以上的研究發現也仍有待更深入的評估。
如果一種顏色能帶給你喜悅、自信或舒適的感覺,就算你身邊的人不太喜歡,也即管用用看吧。
當然,一些正式的場合會規範你衣著的用色。
但當你可以在假日遊閒地走在大街時,不妨展現一下你的個人風格。
當你打算改造房間設計或在 IG 發佈新圖片時,試著加入能夠代表你自己的顏色。
顏色的意義由我們賦予,表達就是藝術。
在本篇,我們討論了有關三原色的學術研究。
下篇就讓我們了解一下其他顏色吧!
【了解自己系列 】Big Five 之經驗開放性
經驗開放性是什麼?
相信一般人聽到Big Five的 Openness (全稱Openness to experience,亦即「經驗開放性」)時,會立刻聯想到與在人際關係上或者在性生活方面比較隨便(畢竟俗語有話「外表斯文,內裡open」,大約就是這個意思)。
但事實上,心理學家一般理解的Openness 的概念與常人理解大相逕庭,其中一個大分別就是指出經驗開放性其實由不同的子範疇(sub-caegories)組成的。
以下就讓我簡單介紹一下Big Five 其中一對創始人 Costa 和 McCrae 對經驗開放性的理解吧。
不論你 Open 與否,你可能會留意到比自己老一輩的人並不對新的經驗感到興趣。
其實近年來,越來越多心理學實驗反映性格的可塑性。
的確,成長的過程中各種經歷和挑戰或多或少會改變人的思想模式和行為,所以性格上隨之有所改變也能理解。
就以經驗開放性為例,一個涉及26個國籍、多達3,300個參與者的研究就發現經驗開放性會隨着年齡而下降。
就年輕人而言,另一個實驗指出青少年的經驗開放性在12至18歲期間上升的趨勢 [5]。
結語
作為 Big Five理論中五大性格特質的一員,經驗開放性嘗試反映我們對新事物的接納程度。
心理學研究指出經驗開放性可能和我們的人際關係以及事業發展有關。
即便如此,經驗開放性在成年以後仍然是相當可塑的。
但還是要說,這篇文章只非常簡單地介紹了經驗開放性的概念。
實際上,有關的研究十分豐富,筆者鼓勵有興趣的讀者可以參考Costa和McCrae以及其他學術文獻。
如果讀完這篇文章後你仍然對人充滿好奇心,想必讀者們會對樹洞香港的了解自己,探索自我: 心理學必修課感到興趣。
這課程會會運用心理學提升動機、設定目標,令你成爲一個更了解自己,忠於自己的人。
參考
[1] McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An Introduction to the Five-Factor Model and Its Applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x
[2] Schwaba, T., Robins, R., Grijalva, E., & Bleidorn, W. (2019). Does openness to experience matter in love and work? Domain, facet, and developmental evidence from a 24-year longitudinal study. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6pemg
[3] Meltzer, A. L., & McNulty, J. K. (2016). Who is having more and better sex? The Big Five as predictors of sex in marriage. Journal of Research in Personality, 63, 62–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.05.010
[4] Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Schutte, N. S., Bhullar, N., & Rooke, S. E. (2010). The Five-Factor Model of personality and relationship satisfaction of intimate partners: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 124–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.09.004
[5] https://content.apa.org/record/2012-28195-001
【了解自己系列 】– Big Five 之盡責性(上)
上一章簡介了Big Five 中的「O」經驗開放性(Openess to experience)之後,筆者收到不少讀者的疑問。
疑問主要圍繞著Big Five的理論基礎——心理學家是怎樣斷定全球數以億計人的性格都能以Big Five的五個維度形容呢?
為什麼 Big Five 比一般性格理論更科學?
所以來到Big Five系列的第二章Conscientiousness「盡責性」,筆者也應該盡一點科普的責任,簡單描述一下Big Five理論的發展歷史,好讓大家不至於對這理論的由來一頭冒水。
透過這篇文章,筆者期望能夠更立體地呈現 Big Five,讓作者理解它的理論根基之餘,也認識到它的弱點。
歷史就說到這裡,筆者會在下一篇會介紹「盡責性」和相關的研究發現,有興趣的讀者謹記要密切留意。
如果讀完這篇文章後你仍然對人充滿好奇心,想必讀者們會對樹洞香港的了解自己,探索自我: 心理學必修課感到興趣。
這課程會會運用心理學提升動機、設定目標,令你成爲一個更了解自己,忠於自己的人。
參考
[1] Trofimova, I. (2014). Observer Bias: An Interaction of Temperament Traits with Biases in the Semantic Perception of Lexical Material. PLoS ONE, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085677
更進一步而言,靜觀有助我們把握心志自由。
此話何解?
心理學家 Viktor Frankl 說得精警:
“Between stimulus and response, there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response.In our response lies our growth and freedom.”
『在環境刺激與我們的反應之間,有一個空隙。
在那個空隙我們有權 選擇對環境的回應。
經選擇的回應是成長與自由的基礎。
』
* 本句的出處具爭議性。
於 Stephen Covey 的 The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People 一書,本句首 次出現,但 Covey 表示這句是引用第二本書,而他之後表示忘記了是那一本。
其實有不少人的著 作表達過類似的意思,包括 Viktor Frankl 和其他心理學家與哲學家。
其中一個可能的解釋是:本 句的精神源自 Frankl 或其他人的著作,Covey 經過閱讀、消化,以他自己的文字寫出來,但因時 間相隔甚久,他以為是從第二本書讀回來的。
請參考:https://quoteinvestigator.com/2018/02/18/ response/
原來反複的心靈訓練可以改變大腦。
靜觀練習就是其中一種。
靜觀就好像心靈的健身,這個比喻的確貼切。
靜觀和健身一樣,需要持之以恆、有時會感到辛苦,但確實能提升心理質素,而且回頭一看會充滿成功感。
但問題來了:做健身會長肌肉,做靜觀的「心理肌肉」又長在那?
能看見嗎?
隨着科技發展千里,這些「心理肌肉」的成長的確可以被看見。
現代神經心理學發現有一個稱為神經可塑性(Neuroplasticity)的現象。
該現象說明,我們的腦袋有着形形色色的神經迴路(Neuro Pathways)各司其職。
例如,如果有人一感到納悶就要吃薯片,如果我們可以放大他的大腦來看,就會發現主責「納悶」和「吃薯片」的大腦區域聯繫緊密,兩個部位的大腦細胞- 神經元(Neuros)會有非常多的突觸(Synapse)連結,以致他每次感到沉悶時就自然想到吃薯片。
而且他每次臣服於納悶的感覺之下吃薯片,就會使得兩個部位的神經元生長更多突觸連繫對方,這就是所謂神經可塑性。
當然,神經可塑性也可反過來,如果他有一次感受到納悶而因各種原因堅拒吃薯片,「納悶大腦」連去「吃薯片大腦」的突觸就會變弱。
簡而言之,你可以想象大腦有個智能政府,會自動為交往頻繁的地區興建高速公路,如果兩個地區的交流沒以前那麼頻繁,那這些高速公路就會自然被除掉。在現代神經科學之下,看來古希臘哲學家亞里士多德的名言非虛:“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.“
科學研究發現,持之以恆地練習靜觀確實能改變腦部的結構。
如果以神經可塑性角度來看,靜觀可以說是一種不同地使用大腦的方式,以致靜觀夠久、重複夠多,日常就比較能保持靜觀的心態。
這樣的練習,對人的心理健康有一定幫助。
它一方面可以有減壓、減輕焦慮的效果 ,而另一方面,研究顯示擔憂和刻意留意自己相關的病徵,會引致我們較易患上心理病,而靜觀可以幫助我們減少擔憂和減少留意自己的相關徵狀(引用自本文)。
所以靜觀成近年熱門的心理學研究課題,可說是不無道理。
對於初學者而言,不妨先嘗試我們的【靜觀測試工具】,了解自己靜觀的傾向並獲得相關的資源。
也可以找本入門好書來看,或是參加 MindForest 靜觀小組 /靜觀課程。
[1]Deshmukh, V. D. (2006). Neuroscience of meditation. The Scientific World Journal, 6, 2239-2253.
[2]香港佛教聯合會. (n.d.). 八正道. Retrieved March 10, 2019, from http://www.hkbuddhist.org/zh/top_page.php?p=knowledge_detail&kid=71&cid=12&id=43
現代人很常將活在當下(Living in the Moment)理解成及時行樂(Carpe Diem)、今朝有酒今朝醉。
真正的活在當下卻不只是追求當刻的享樂,而是一個讓人能夠不受擔憂所束縛,不論順境逆境,都能全心地享受當刻的生活態度。
它重視的不是外在的物質享受,而是內在的平靜和專注。
活在當下是甚麼?
為何我們很難活在當下?
What are you thinking?
你在想甚麼?
在日常生活,我們的腦海會很自然地充斥住因過去或者未來而起的念頭。
我們會擔心之前完成的Project會否得到別人的認同,因已經發生了的事而感到後悔、懊惱;
我們又會擔心自己能否買樓、移民,對充滿不確定性的未來感到憂慮。
現代人的生活充滿煩惱,工作、家庭、健康、社會……哪怕我們正在享用美食、遊山玩水,我們有時都無法制止這些念頭的湧現。
在心理學中,這種無法被控制的念頭被稱為「反芻思考」(Rumination),而不健康的反芻思考和焦慮症、抑鬱症等精神健康問題息息相關。
現代人的生活就被這些煩惱所困擾住,無法真正地品嚐當下的味道。
活在當下就是要我們從這些擔憂中抽離,將自己的專注力放到當下的一切,盡量讓自己不受念頭的困擾。
我們專注的可以是正在進行的活動,可以是外在環境,亦可以是自己的內心。
Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That’s why they call it the Present. 這句對白出自功夫熊貓。
簡單直白地帶出了當下的可貴,與其沉迷在對過去或未來的胡思亂想中,不如將自己的心神放到現在,好好感受自己,感受身邊的人和事,放開束縛,真正地活在當下。
[1] Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(5), 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
[2] Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 69(4), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0415
[3] Zimmermann, G., Favrod, J., Trieu, V. H., & Pomini, V. (2005). The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 77(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.018
[4] Okajima, I., Komada, Y. & Inoue, Y. A meta-analysis on the treatment effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Sleep Biol. Rhythms 9, 24–34 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00481.x
[5] https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/patients-and-families/medication-or-therapy
[6] Gaudiano B. A. (2008). Cognitive-behavioural therapies: achievements and challenges. Evidence-based mental health, 11(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmh.11.1.5
[7] Beltman, M., Voshaar, R., & Speckens, A. (2010). Cognitive–behavioural therapy for depression in people with a somatic disease: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Psychiatry,197(1), 11-19. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.064675
說到人的需要,很多人會聯想起馬斯洛的「需求層次理論」,此理論包括了人對外在環境及內在的需求。
而後來 Deci Edward L. 和Ryan Richard M. 提出的「自我決定論」(Self-determination theory),撇去了低層的外在因素,針對更高層次的心理需求,在現代心理學界廣泛被使用。
「自我決定論」指人有三個基本的心理需求:「勝任感」(Competence)、「關聯感」(Relatedness)、「自主性」(Autonomy)。
「勝任感」指感到有能力控制結果,「關聯感」指感到與別人的互動及聯繫、「自主性」指感到能為自身生命作決定。
有心理學研究以需求理論作藍本,研究拍攝、造訪親友、慢跑等12個悠閒活動與心理需求的關係,發現悠閒活動與心理需求有正面關係。
拍攝、慢跑等活動與滿足上述提及的「自主性」需求有關;
造訪親友、卡牌遊戲、觀賞演出等活動則與滿足社交需求(Social needs)和家庭需求(Family togetherness need)有關,即上述「自我決定論」中的「關聯感」需求;
走路/慢跑則與技能發展需求(Skills development need)有關,即上述「自我決定論」中的「勝任感」需求。
換言之,各種休閒活動能滿足人不同方面的基本心理需求,從而促進心理健康。
「玩」帶來個人成長
心理學家 Howard E. A. Tinsley 提出休閒活動體驗的理論(A Theory of Leisure Experience),解釋悠閒活動本身並不重要,重要的是人對休閒活動的感覺,即活動體驗(Leisure experience)。
他指出每個人會有不同程度活動體驗,而最高境界的活動體驗(Leisure state)能令人感到自由、忘記自我、增加感官的敏銳性、減少對時間的意識。
在現實與友人的聚會中,偶爾會感到最真實的自己,容易捧腹大笑,快樂不知時日過,這就是 Tinsley 所指最高境界的活動體驗。
Tinsley 的理論解釋了活動體驗如何達至個人成長(Personal growth):活動體驗滿足了心理需求,繼而維持生理及生理健康,提升生活滿意度,最後達至個人成長。
人為何需要「玩」?
「結伴作樂」為心理健康帶來的正面轉變 4
「你有壓力,我有壓力!」相信香港人都不會對巴士阿叔這句紅極一時的金句陌生。
香港人向來以高壓的生活模式聞名,近年的壓力指數更是有增無減,學生、打工一族、以至老一輩的壓力水平都亞洲以至全球之冠 [1]。
其實如果要解決生活上現在所面對的壓力,我們可以先去以心理學的角度了解「壓力」這個現象,而其中一個經典的學說就是 Lazarus 和 Folkman 在1984年提出的壓力調適行為理論(transactional theory of stress and coping)[2]。
[1] “在新冠肺炎期間,香港是全球壓力指數最高的城市” https://www.humanresourcesonline.net/hong-kong-records-highest-stress-levels-globally-amid-pandemic-chi
[2] Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress,appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
[3] Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of behavioral medicine, 25(6), 551-603.
心理學家 John Alan Lee(1977) 提出了愛情色輪模型(The Color Wheel Model of Love),指出愛情和顏色是相似的,除了紅、藍、黃的三原色外,不同顏色的互配可以演變出更多的顏色,亦相似於不同的戀愛模式。
其後,Clyde Hendrick 及 Susan Hendrick(1986) 根據此理論緝寫成一套 Love attitudes scale 來研究人們的戀愛態度。
其中愛情的「三原型」分別是友伴愛(Storge)、情慾愛(Eros)和遊戲愛(Ludus)。
「友伴愛」:是較著重友好關係的戀愛態度,他們會由朋友開始循序漸進,慢慢產生情意,雙方亦較重視一起互相成長的過程。
這些人較少依賴「性」的動機展開 FWBR,所以在這類型的「友誼」中,雙方較著重友誼的建立,而性關係則會在較遲的階段開始。
「情慾愛」:是較浪漫的戀愛態度,他們不但渴望伴侶能滿足他們的性慾,亦對關係上的種種相處帶有強烈的感情。
這些人會希望 FWBR 能轉變成真實的戀愛,所以若然最後這段關係轉變失敗,他們會選擇放棄整段友誼。
「遊戲愛」:是一種以帶有玩樂心態的戀愛態度,他們不熱衷於雙方的感情建立,不希望過度投放時間和責任,他們往往最享受這種關係帶來的快感。
因他們能清楚劃分自己對「性」和「責任」的界限,所以他們不會投入太多個人感情予 FWBR 以至無法抽身,這也能解釋為何他們較容易展開並維持一段長遠和友好的 FWBR。
心理學家Robert Sternberg在一九八四年提出愛情三角理論(Triangular Theory of Love),很快便漸漸為人熟悉。
之後Sternberg更在一九九四年提出愛情故事理論(Theory of Love as Stories),並在二〇〇六年將兩個理論合併成雙重愛情理論(The Duplex Theory of Love),用以描述不同模式的愛情。
這些愛情故事都扭曲了愛情關係,忽視了愛情中應有的情感部分,或是無法平衡雙方在關係中的付出。
對愛情的錯誤理解會使人難以建立長久的關係。
我們對愛情的不同看法並不只是觀點與角度的問題,事實某些看法的確是不利於愛情的。
有趣的是,雖然某些愛情故事會阻礙關係的發展,但研究數據沒有顯示出任何一種故事是對愛情特別有益的。
26個愛情故事中,只有破壞關係的故事,卻沒有一個完美可以改善關係的標準答案(Sternberg, 1986)。
除此之外,數據顯示長時間都保持關係親密的情侶,他們對愛情都有相似見解和故事(Sternberg, 1986),意味住關係並不要求一個最理想的愛情故事,而是一個和你的故事兼容的好伴侶。
以一個旅程的故事為例,戀人們起初會因為能夠一起好奇地探索未來而互相吸引,在蜜月期後,若其中一方基於現實考量,無法再投入太多的時間和伴侶繼續大家充滿挑戰性的旅程,只希望可以安安穩穩地生活,這樣就無法再滿足到伴侶對於愛情的期盼,本來相容的愛情故事已經不再相容。
在這樣的情況中戀人對於關係的滿足感可能會因而下降,親密、激情、承諾可能會隨之減少,最後因為現實不再能符合到期望而令關係變差,甚至以分手收場。
性格不合、不再有感覺可能是其中兩個最常聽到的分手原因,這正正就如同愛情故事理論所提出的一樣,關係的變質歸根究底都是因為至少其中一方已經再不能滿足到另一方的愛情故事。
Fromm, E. (1957). The art of loving. HarperCollins Publishers.
Gottman, J. M., Cole, C., & Cole, D. L. (2019). Four horseman in couple and family therapy. In Lebow, J. L., Chambers, A. L., & Breunlin, D. C. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of couple and family therapy (pp. 1212-1216). Springer.
Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Empirical tests of aspects of a theory of love as a story. European Journal of Personality, 15, 199-218.
Sternberg, R. J. (2006). The duplex theory of love. In R. J. Sternberg & K. Weis (Eds.), The new psychology of love (pp. 184-199). Yale University Press.
本文節錄自《恐懼與希望:寫在亂世的心理學》- 本港各大書局有售
用文字陪伴香港人一起思考、一起尋找亂世下的定位
廿一世紀,時代巨輪急速轉動;
世界之大、轉變之快非為我們所能預料。
生而為人,或多或少都經歷過一些絶望的局面,無論個人、社會、世界。
有人經歷過悲慘的童年,長大了卻仍逃不開家的掌控;
面對社會問題之複雜,又覺非單憑一人之力能夠扭轉。
亂世中要找到自己的定位,不容易;
尤其在當下金碧輝煌、物質主導的現代社會,要了解自己,更是難。
心理學是研究人思想、行為、情緒的一門科學,而社會上很多現象,包括無力感、逃避、歧視、宗教,身分認同及死亡恐懼都離不開心理學的一些概念;
所以,學習心理學,對理解這些現代光怪陸離的現象有一定幫助。
這幾年,原本熟悉的,都不再熟悉。
或許你徬徨失措,但轉個角度來看,這或許也是個歷史上關鍵的時代,正如狄更斯所說:「這是最好的年代,也是最壞的年代。」
每個人都知道要接受現實,但怎麼才算是接受?
不哭?
開始新戀情?
「悲傷五階段」作者的解釋,接受不是指「狀態良好」或感覺良好,而是認知到事情已成歷史,不能回到過去。
在此借用「接受與承諾治療」(Acceptance and Commitment Therapy)中對「接受」二字的看法來進一步解釋其意。
Hayes et. al. (1999) 指出接受包含主動的改變和認知上的理解。
改變可以包括捨棄令你功能失調的習慣,甚至已經建立了單身的生活和習慣;
認知上的理解是指明白回憶是回憶,不是正在發生的事;
過去是過去,不是現在此刻。
換句話說,接受分手可以理解成:從被分手打亂的生活節奏中回復過來,而且已經把分手一事或前度視為回憶,而不是正在發生的事。
例如剛分手時你會形容自己的感情狀況為「剛剛失戀」,而當這個形容詞變成「現在單身」時,或許就是真正的接受了。
找回你自己的路吧!
要注意的是,每一個人在應對失去時的感覺都不一樣,而終點也不一定是接受。
誠言,所謂的「悲傷五階段」是庫伯勒.羅斯用以總括他的絕症病人在被告知其將會死亡後的常見反應。
只是後來發現同一理論也能描述其他種類的失去的感受。
過往有研究質疑「悲傷五階段」的準確性,因為他們發現不是每一個人都會經歷這五階段,而且有時會在階段之間轉換,並不順序進行 (Friedman & James, 2008)。
面對失戀,每個人的反應因人而異,理論只是一些參考資料,幫助我們了解一些可能出現在我們身上的情況。
庫伯勒.羅斯在其著作《On Grief and Grieving: Finding the Meaning of Grief Through the Five Stages of Loss》中亦指出「悲傷五階段」在現世後被曲解了很多年。
他澄清世界上並沒有正常的哀悼反應,一切哀悼、傷痛是很個人的事。
而這個理論可視為一個工具,讓我們學習如何在失去後重新上路。
縱使不是每個人都會經歷這些感受,但我明白分手之痛在於孤獨感。
希望這個理論或許會讓你明白,即使再痛,世界也有很多人明白你的。
人面對選擇時,會因為經驗與知識增長而改變取態。
有時,「今天的我打倒昨天的我」並不可恥,因為那表示,你要從沉沒成本的沼澤地抽身,回到乾爽的陸地上,再選擇如何邁進另一個未知裹去。
為自己設立一個期限,如果在限期內你的努力沒有得到回報,就果斷地與事或人分手吧。
善待你的時間。
Dobelli, R. (2013) The Art of Thinking Clearly. Harper.
讓我們開始分析之前,先看一看不同人的結果:
當中有個很有趣的地方。
就是當 CEO 和行政人員(Executive Admins)一組的時侯,表現非常特出,勝過全 CEO 的隊伍而僅次於理所當然勝出的工程師和建築師。
CEO 是整個公司的領導人,理應能力最高。
爲什麼全 CEO的隊伍反而不及CEO 和行政人員組成的團隊呢?
發明本活動的 Tom Wujec 分析,一隊成功的團隊除了要有如 CEO 般執行、構思能力強的人,也要配合行政人員的調和、溝通技巧。
團隊合作難免有衝突,如何能將各家之見去蕪存菁、集各家之大成方爲致勝關鍵。
其中一個溝通最被忽視的部份是聆聽。
商業社會更重視說話的方式內容,但較少記起溝通要用口也要用耳。
從靜觀的角度看來,靜觀傾聽(Mindful Listening)是個可以培養聆聽能力的訓練,簡而言之,對方說話時我們可以全神貫注在對方的聲音、話語。
不必想待會如何回覆,只把當刻的心神交予對方。
快速建模、小步迭代 (Rapid Prototyping, Small Iterations)
另一個叫人嘖嘖稱奇的現象是幼稚園學生隊的表現排第三,比起全 CEO 隊、律師和商學員學生更好。
箇中的原因是幼稚園學生一把材料拿到手便會著手建塔,不像成人組般先要溝通一大輪。
這樣做的好處是,他們會很快發現自己心中所想有甚麼問題,便能即時修正。
如果沒有問題,則能善用餘下的時間繼續改進模型。
這點在本爲緊拙的時間限制下便顯得格外重要。
反之而言,成人組通常花起碼一半時間討論「最佳方案」,如果一如預想還好,可是稍有差池便難以挽回了。
靜觀背後有一句哲理名言:“The map is not the landscape.” 的確,現代人常用概念思考,概念確能有助我們梳理、理解現實,可是將概念和現實混淆就不好了。
因爲現實的複雜性時常出乎意料,隱藏的假設常常給我們殺個措手不及,所以最好的方法還是只有一個字:試。
由細到大學校及社會一直教導我們要有分析思維(analytical thinking),但設計思維和分析思維是兩個截然不同的思考模式。
首先分析思維較為理性,而設計思維是感性思維,著重了解、想像、構思及實行。
另外設計思維也不是一個線性過程,它會基於行業及實際情況去重複之前的階段去改善自己固有想法和探索新的方向。
說了這麼多,設計思維看起來好像很複雜。
但各位創業者不用再想太多如何訓練出設計思維了,直接行動,用你已知的Design Thinking方法直接設計一個business model,從實踐中學習可能是更有效率的做法。
但願大家都能Think Like a Designer!
原文刊登於 CountAudit
Team Building = 玩下就算?
3 大要素,發揮團隊活動真正威力
在 21 世紀的工作環境,大部份反覆的工作都逐漸被電腦取代,溝通能力、合作與創意越來越重要。
要讓員工發揮「人性」的一面,不少企業都會安排 Team Building 培訓供員工參加。
亦有研究證明,Team Building 活動能協助員工分工,提升團隊效率。
如同任何產品一樣,Team Building 服務亦有質素之分。
不良的 Team Building 活動不但浪費時間金錢,更會令員工覺得是例行公事,爲做而做。
以下是我們設計 Team Building 活動時,所考慮的三大要素:
1. 抽離工作脈絡,重新學習合作(Re-think Collaboration)
Team Building 其中一個目的是學習合作。
爲何要在 Team Building 時學習?
同事不是時時都在合作嗎?
當然同事天天都在合作,而在任何工作環境中,時間一久,自然會發展出獨有的工作文化、對同事的觀念甚至偏見。
例如,我們在心中會認為某些同事比較適合說話,令外一些同事則喜愛埋頭苦幹。
這些觀念有時符合現實,但也未必如此。
那些「埋頭苦幹」型同事其實表達能力也相當出色,只是性格較為內向?
我們如何透過 Team Building 發掘他們的潛能呢?
是這樣的,Team Building 活動會讓同事完成各項任務。
他們平時的工作模式會投射在他們的處事模式當中。
此時,導師(Facilitator)便能以局外人的方式觀察並指出小組的動態(Team Dynamics),發現團隊的長短處,這些往往是團隊成員很難察覺的,因為他們就是置身其中。
所以透過導師的協助,學員重新思考他們的合作方式。
如果導師觀察到有位表達能力高但性格內向的同事,便能引導他多表達己見,使他建立自信心,也令其他同事意識到他的長處。
總而言之,Team Building 是要提供一個類近工作的環境,但讓同事自由嘗試,放心失敗的環境。
藉以揭示原有團隊關係或工作模式的特性,並發現改進的契機。
2. 讓員工學習如何爭論(Healthy Dissent)
Team Building = 玩下就算?
3 大要素,發揮團隊活動真正威力 5
另一個員工討厭 Team Building 活動的原因,是有些導師喜愛讓學員叫亢奮式口號:「We are the best!」「XX 公司,全港第一!」這些口號如果由心而發,證明團隊真的很團結,但不可倒果爲因,單靠口號團結團隊。
正因團隊在沙盤推演合作(Sandbox),團隊建立活動是揭示不團結的最佳契機。
記得有次烹飪培訓是這樣的:學員在分組介紹他們的菜式,Johnson 從事銷售工作,口才很好。
他實在說得不錯,把菜式和團隊精神聯繫得頭頭是道,說他們團隊打從一開始便如何合力設計這道菜式。
他一說完,全個部門掌聲四起。
我走向同組一位較為內斂的組員,問他:「你知道 Johnson 在分組簡報中會說這些嗎?」他的表情略顯尷尬,稍作思量,說:「沒有」;
我再問他:「你有份參與菜式的設計嗎?」他也說沒有。
這便是團隊溝通的問題。
明明團隊小組步伐未必一致,但可能出於符合上司的期望,一味希望表現出「我們最團結」、「我們是第一」、「我們充滿鬥志」,結果溝通問題便一直積壓下來。
Team Building 活動最不應該做的是讓同事重施故技,一味以和諧的包裝示人。
反之,是要揭露這些溝通問題,讓同事意識到改善的需要,並提供改善的方向。
3. 打破員工對事物的既有認知(Paradigm Shift)
曾聽說過有些企業培訓導師在解說(Debriefing)時,不斷在說些「阿媽係女人」式道理,例如:「同客戶嘅溝通好重要」、「笑多啲,關係會更好」等等。
其實導師與學員的相處非常短暫,如果在兩三小時未能衝擊學員對事物的既有認知(Paradigm),就算學員玩得開心,關係短暫改善,只要回到平常的工作環境,便會故態復萌。
反之而言,好的培訓應該讓學員掌握新的概念,以更準確的角度看待舊有事物。
舉個例子,有些同事可能認爲要維持良好的團隊關係,就不能指出同事的錯誤。
但如果 Team Building 能教授 Radical Candor (直白坦誠)的概念,讓學員明白到對錯誤沉默就像透支信任;
帶著動機協助對方進步的批評才是有建設性的溝通,這樣就能改變學員對溝通的基本認知。
Team Building = 玩下就算?
3 大要素,發揮團隊活動真正威力 6
信念上的改變就像種子,只求歡樂的 Team Building 就像花朵:前者會逐漸成長,不斷改善行爲,後者會逐漸凋零,歡樂過後,又打回原型。
謹慎選擇 Team Building,方爲明智投資
創業專家 Zig Ziglar 說過:“You don’t build a business. You build people, and people build the business.”
如果運用得當,Team Building 顧問是建立團隊的一大助力。
不過有兩點要注意:
第一)Team Building 是一筆投資,切忌藥石亂投,隨便選擇:香港有些公司是夠膽收五位數字的費用來教你「聆聽其他組員係關鍵!」的。
第二)根據我們對 Team Building 客戶的觀察,Team Building 不是萬能止痛藥,如果公司政策不以人爲本,又不願意作出改變,再多的 Team Building 活動也無助建立真正團隊。
什麼是 Never Split the Difference?
原來就是不要妥協的意思。
很多人以為談判就是各退一步,找出中間點就好了。
但其實中間點有時是雙方都不情願接受的方案,勉勉強強,反而有損長遠利益。
Chris Voss 在書中舉出的例子是,你想像一下你希望着黑色皮鞋出席聚會,但你老婆想你着啡色皮鞋。
你能說各讓一步,右腳着黑色,左腳着啡色嗎?
顯然這不是一個理想的方案。
別妥協不是要勝者全取、欺壓對方,而是找到一個雙方都真心滿意的方案。那怎樣做到?
就要由理解對方的情感開始。
談判不是理性謀算,而是情感影響
不知你有否這樣的經歷?
在某些情況你說不過對方,只好不甘心地認同對方的觀點,甚至要按對方的意思做。
你心入邊總是有股不忿,在想「只是你口才好,我說不過你,但我還是對的」,所以根本沒打算改變自己的觀點,如果是工作的話,你迫不得已要對方的方案做,但總是草草了事,出來的成品大家也不滿意。
這個結果,就是只側重理性的談判或辯論的產品,道理上取勝了,但對方的心根本不向着你。
要改變這個局面,就得理解人心運作的理機。
傳統的談判理論認為人是一種單純從理性角度出發、時時刻刻想最大化自己利益的生物。
可是人果真是如此嗎?
有一個叫最後通牒賽局(Ultimatum Game)的行爲經濟學實驗是這樣的,玩家分爲A、B 兩人。
A 會得到 10 美金,然後他可以按自己的意思提出與 B 分帳,如果 B 接受分帳,則按 A 的計劃進行;
如果 B 拒絕,則雙方也什麼都得不到。
假設雙方的唯一目的都是最大化自己的金錢利益,而且只按理性行事,A 應該怎麼做?
當然是分給對方 0.01 圓,然後自己拿 9.99。
為什麼?
因為對方有少少錢好過什麼也沒有,所以對方會接受分帳。
理論上是如此,可是實行上來,很少人 B 玩家會接受小少過五美金的分帳,因為他們的着眼點但是要最大化自己的利益,還要感覺到自己被公平對待。
不公平的感覺,會讓你寧願玉石俱焚。怎樣在談判時照顧對方的感覺,Chris Voss 在書中提到幾種技巧:
作者 Kim Scott 認爲,在職場上的溝通主要有兩個向度,分別是直接表達(Challenge Directly)與關顧對方(Care Personally)。
前者代表溝通能否明確地表達對對方的批評,這個挑戰應該是直接、易於理解的。
不要搞暗示、內心戲、以「你明㗎啦」代替實質的批評內容,因為於你而言明顯的未必與其他人而言一樣明顯。後者代表在挑戰他人時有否關顧對方的感受 – 好的批評應該對事不對人,而且代入被批評者的角色,儘量用維持他尊嚴的方式表達。雖然這本書的讀者對象是管理階層,但其實這個道理在下屬對上司的溝通也是通用的。
一個好的下屬需要讓上司知道自己犯了錯,同時不要把上司視爲無情的管理者,他和下屬一樣有血有肉有被認同的需要,所以在表達方式同樣要多加斟酌。
如圖所示,綜合兩個溝通的向度,可以歸納出四種溝通模式,由優至劣,如下排列:
1)直白坦誠 – 直接表達、關顧對方(Radical Candor)
例句:你做嘅嘢好有問題。
具體來講 A、B、C 三方面,咁樣係不能接受嘅。
我想了解下你會唔會需要啲咩幫助等下次做好啲?
直白坦誠的好處有二。
第一,對方能直接明白你想要的是什麼,故此有改正的可能。
當你在批評之餘,展示自己關心對方,更願意提供協助,就爲對方提供了進步的動機。
其中一個人喜歡工作的主因,是因為自己可以藉工作不斷進步,直白坦誠的批評就為對方提供了成長的基礎。
Steve Jobs 在管理上或許有難相處的惡名,他會直接說:「Your work is shit.」但必須留意,這裏他批評的是工作,而不是個人。
而且在 Apple 的內部培訓指引中,他曾說過:「批評人時,不可以讓他覺得你在懷疑他的能力,但也不可模棱兩可。
這實在是件困難的事。」(“You need to do that in a way that does not call into question your confidence in their abilities but leaves not too much room for interpretation … and that’s a hard thing to do.”)
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA
接觸大自然有助療愈身心。
園藝治療是通過動手接觸植物、泥土等自然物質,在安置和照顧植物的過程中,達至放鬆身心和提升美感觸覺的效果。
園藝創作坊通過在盆栽創作過程中,近距離接觸植物,觀察自然界的細節之美,從而提升工作的專注力和美感觸覺;
體驗有質感的創造過程,有助產生成就感和歸屬感;
學習照顧植物,有助團隊珍惜共同成長。
適合對象:尤其對美感和創意有要求的行業。
如,設計、品質保證。
額外好處:工作坊完成之後能帶走一盆專屬自己的盆栽,或選擇置於公司一同打理,進一步提升歸屬感。
詳情:https://bit.ly/2Ej1f8d
放鬆指數:★★★★☆
團隊合作:★★☆☆☆
歡樂體驗:★★★☆☆
2. 團隊新滋味:烹飪觀心課
深度放鬆之選!4個重啟工作效率的 Team Building 推介 10
烹飪觀心課是以烹飪作為實踐方式,從觀察食物的細微變化之中,觀照心境的狀態,從而達至靜觀體驗的課程。
在烹飪觀心課中,團隊成員學習運用五感觀察食物的細微變化,有效提升工作的專注力;
共同體驗有質感的創造過程,共享團隊烹飪成果,有效增強團隊凝聚力和工作成就感。
適合對象:適合任何團隊,尤其適宜促進跨部門之間溝通。
額外好處:工作坊完成之後可以一起食用團隊分工合作的烹飪成果。
詳情:https://bit.ly/35qO3K5
放鬆指數:★★☆☆☆
團隊合作:★★★★☆
歡樂體驗:★★★★☆
3. 走進新心林:登山遠足行
深度放鬆之選!4個重啟工作效率的 Team Building 推介 11
深度放鬆之選!4個重啟工作效率的 Team Building 推介 12
大自然使人謙遜,最能感受到人在自然界的渺小的方法,莫過於走進大自然。
在登山遠足行中,團隊成員一起暫離都市煩囂,爬山過程促進互助互勉,有助加深彼此了解,增強團隊互動。
在野外靜觀,感受大自然的紋理,有效舒緩都市生活的焦慮。
適合對象:促進跨部門之間溝通;
長期在室內工作,缺乏機會接觸大自然的上班族。
額外好處:樹洞設計登山路線動靜皆宜,既滿足觀賞野外之美的需要,又適合團隊靜修。
詳情:https://bit.ly/2PnZjBA
放鬆指數:★★★★☆
團隊合作:★★★☆☆
歡樂體驗:★★★★☆
4. 舒展身心靈:靜觀瑜伽堂
深度放鬆之選!4個重啟工作效率的 Team Building 推介 13
深度放鬆之選!4個重啟工作效率的 Team Building 推介 14
靜觀瑜伽堂作為鍛煉身心的綜合方式,通過觀照身心狀態,實行內外兼備的修煉,有助深度放鬆,啟發身心潛能。
靜觀瑜伽重視身體力行,有助提升團隊士氣和工作效率;
靜觀瑜伽舒展身心,有助舒緩工作壓力,有助達至深度放鬆,提升工作專注力。
適合對象:適合對瑜伽有任何程度的認識,以及不同年紀的參加者。
尤其適合生活節奏較快,需要有效減壓方法以及運動的人士。
額外好處:有靜觀體驗的瑜伽堂有助參加者鍛煉身心的毅力,達至知行合一。
詳情:https://bit.ly/2RRWsCC
放鬆指數:★★★★★
團隊合作:★★★☆☆
歡樂體驗:★★★★☆
你的公司值得留下嗎?
Google、 Microsoft 研究團隊工作效率的秘密 9
Apple 給每個入職員工的信件
為什麼有些團隊能令成員廢枕忘餐?
傳統的營商概念將公司和員工的關係視為一場交易,各取所需:公司有資金、員工有勞動力,便構成雇員關係。
當然,勞動力交換的確是雇員關係不可或缺的一部份。
但問題是,公司和員工之間,是否單純只能有各取所需的關係?
對於很多公司而言,答案的確如此。
但如果公司和員工之間只有利益關係,那會衍生一個問題,就是團隊成員會只為自己的利益謀算,工作得過且過,有更好待遇的職位便跳槽。
要讓團隊成員真誠付出,領導者不能有「恩主心態」,而是在合理的利益交換之外,為工作提供意義。
Google 發現,成功的團隊的成員必須感覺到工作有意義(Meaning)和影響力(Impact)。
這兩個概念看似相關,但兩者之間有細微的分別。
「意義」是較爲個人的,高效團隊的成員感到工作與他們的身份息息相關。
要知道工作有否意義,問問自己或團隊成員:「我能否透過工作發揮長處?」「這份工作何有讓我進步?」簡而言之,如果團隊成員視工作爲自己重要的一部份,而非一門僅爲糊口的差事,那就可說是有意義的工作了。
人一方面是自私的動物,但亦有無私的一面。
「影響力」所說的,是團隊成員是否相信自己的工作能造福社會、改變世界。
Steve Jobs 說過,蘋果電腦的工作就是「在宇宙中留下足跡(Leave a dent in the universe)」當成員感到自己的工作不只是爲自利和老闆的利益,而是更大意義的一部份,便自然願意付出更多。
要創造有願景的團隊,需弄清楚團隊的長遠目標。
而這個長遠目標,需緊扣成員的個人發展以及超越公司的社會影響力。
如何提升團隊工作效率?
團結、執行力與願景都是影響團隊效率的重要因素。
要進一步改善績效,就要了解自己身處的團隊、或自己管理的團隊的優勢與不足。
關於團隊效率,亦有學習資源值得推介。
首先是《Good to Great》,這本書分析了最頂尖的公司和做得還好的公司之間的分別。
Google 的 Re: work 亦是誠意之作,入面包含了 Google 對於人力資源的最新研究與發現。
現在便坐言起行,改革自己的團隊吧!
Case for being a vegetarian: To eat meat or not: what does your moral instinct say?
To eat meat or not: what does your moral instinct say?
A moral experiment arguing against the consumption of farmed animals
Most humans agree that torturing an animal is morally wrong, that means, most would agree non-human animals’ suffering matters, at least to a minuscule degree.
I want to try something with you to probe your moral sense.
The Experiment
Consider this moral experiment. There’s a torturing machine in front of you. You need to use the machine to deliver an agonising electric shock to either a rabbit or a human for 4 hours.
Which would you choose? Chances are, you’ll choose to deliver the shock to the rabbit. That’ll also be my choice too.
What about this then: You have a machine and a slightly uncomfortable chair, this chair is no big deal, it’s just like chairs used by nasty malls to prevent people staying for too long (like the one shown in the picture). You must either make the human sit on the chair for 10 seconds or shock the rabbit for 4 hours non-stop. What will be your choice?
I would choose to make the man sit on the chair. Without meticulous statistics, I bet most people would do the same.
The only difference between the two scenarios is that, in the second scenario, the human suffers less than the first one.
What does it imply, then, if people are changing their mind?
The non-vegetarians who changed their mind, or at least found the decision process harder, endorse that there’s a proportionality between the moral-worth of humans and other animals, and such moral-worth is comparable.
Wow. That sounds like a bunch of jargon! Fret not though — let me explain bit by bit.
Let’s start with what do I mean by “moral-worth is comparable”. By saying “comparable”, I mean the worth of humans and the worth of other animals are on the same continuum. They can be directly compared, even with the assumption that humans worth far higher than any other animals.
The fact that the worth of animals and humans can be compared is precisely why some people would choose to make the human sit on the uncomforable chair over shocking the rabbit. Making a person feel uncomfortable is a form of human suffering, but in the face of casting a rabbit into excruciating pain, the former is better. In other words:
An extreme form of non-human animal suffering is far worse than trivial, mild humans suffering.
This is what I mean by comparable: A human’s pain and an non-human animal pain are not in different moral categories — it is not the case that a form of trivial human suffering carries more moral significance than the most horrendous form of non-human animals suffering.
Second, proportionality.
Say if we gradually increase the level of suffering for the human, going from a very uncomfortable chair, to receiving an injection, to a slap on their face, to shock him for an hour, and so-and-so forth. Plausibly more people would side to shock the rabbit to save the human from pain.
Different people may have different turning points; some are higher, some are lower. It’s, though, very likely that you have one also, unless you agreed to torture a rabbit to save a human from sitting on a chair that is probably just a bit less comfy then the chair you’re sitting on.
This shows proportionality: when the suffering of the human relative to the rabbit exceeds a certain proportion held by us, we choose to torture the rabbit. It is based on our moral (maybe arbitrary) judgement of how much more humans are worth than other animals. We attempt to derive the optimal moral choice in every case. Therefore, we can see that moral choices on non-human animals are based on:
1) the proportion of how we perceive humans worth more than other animals
2) our estimation of how much pain/pleasure the choice would cause the non-human animal and human in each case
Okay, So What?
Before deriving any conclusion from this experiment, one crucial limitation to note is that pain/pleasure is not quantifiable. We can’t say that shocking a rabbit at 4000V 0.05mA yields a moral score of -50 and doing the same to a human would yield -300, and a human worth six times more. You can see this is nonsense.
Does it mean we should cease comparing levels of pain/pleasure at all? We simply can’t. We make comparisons and predictions on pain/pleasure levels long before we even heard of the theory. Have you ever say “Thank you” to a waiter in restaurant? We express our gratitude to others, not to pose ourself as educated, decent chaps, but with a wish to make others happy. You won’t know whether this will generate +5 points of happiness, but as humans, we know that he would be happy. As highly socialised species, we generally have a good ability to grasp whether others are happy, and how happy others are.
And, by switching choice from shocking the rabbit in the uncomfortable chair paradigm, you have already evaluated and compared the worth of feelings — you decided sitting on an uncomfortable chair is much less bad than being shocked, and that was the reason you shifted your choice. In short, we have a good sense of how bad/good an experience is.
I would argue for that, had we exerted our ability to evaluate goodness(for humans) and badness (for other animals) on consuming farm animals, and applied the same moral decisions on proportionality in experiment consistently in life. Most of us would abandon eating farmed animals at least, if not go straight to be vegans.
Say you roasted a (farmed) chicken on a warm Thanksgiving dinner. Basically what you’re doing is this:
You took a lifetime of inhumane confinement (well, only humans deserve humane treatment as the word implies?), where the chicken lived an A4-sized battery which he could barely turn, with an overpowering smell of shit 24 hours a day. He had his mouth (peck) chopped off without anaesthetic when he was a baby, and suffered a fearful and painful processing of slaughtering. All of this is then translated to a rather brief positive sensation of the chicken piece passing through your tongue, in which, may be you didn’t even notice how good it tasted as you were too busy talking with your brother. My words are just simply inadequate to illustrate how disheartening the living conditions of these animals are: check this video out:
I can neither coin a sensible coefficient on how many times worse is the suffering aggregated over the lifetime of miserable chicken over the pleasure your family derived from his body; nor can I tell you how many times a human worth more than a chicken.
I just know we have been asking the wrong question — we ask: “Are humans more important than other animals?”
If it’s a yes then we can eat them.
Actually, the real question to ask is: “Is few seconds of your fleshly enjoyment more important than the lifetime suffering of an animal?”
If your answer is yes, then please eat as much as you like. This argument can only appeal to the soft spot of consciousness — it can’t prove you wrong (but other arguments can).
The decision is up to you. So, Is it a good moral tradeoff? I leave the decision to you.
Yet, there is something to note. Do you still remember the moral experiment? If you think eating farmed animals is okay, how are you different from people who believe shocking the rabbit for four hours is better than letting the human sit on the chair?
Or, the simplest of all, why don’t you buy some live rabbits and sit on them? I am sure you would derive more comfort from their about-to-burst tummy than any other chairs in the world.
What’s next?
I turned to be a pescetarian two years ago — that means I gave up on eating all meats but seafood. No. No moral justification for that.
I believe eating fish is morally wrong. My pleasure doesn’t outweigh their pain.
After all, I am not a perfectly moral being. I chose it just because it’s lesser of the evil — fish are not raised in such a miserable environment at least.
However, one thing that struck me hard is that at least we cared. If you step back — why should we care at all? Can you prove to me, why we need to be good, to other humans or animals? I can’t. But I just know we want to, and we do.
To me, caring for others is one of the true miracles in the world.
And we act in response to our consciousness, bit by bit, bit by bit. We want to be better and better — though we know we won’t be perfect.
That’s the reason I became a pescetarian.
I know, telling you to change your diet is a lot to ask. But if, and only if, my argument touched your heart, why don’t you start by doing something small?
I suggest you three easy choices; I solemnly pledge you to do at least one of them:
1) Say no to Foie gras — it’s simply the worst kind of shit
2) Eat one vegetarian meal in week — start from today
3) Donate $10 to any non-human animals welfare organisation.
4) More veg, less meat. It is good for you, the animals, and the earth.
Let’s work towards a better world together.
For geeks who want to know even moreSome good articles to learn about non-human animal ethics
Equality for Animals? By Peter Singer
https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/1979----.htm
What is animal liberation? By PETA
https://www.peta.org/about-peta/learn-about-peta/ingrid-newkirk/animal-liberation/
Some further food for thoughts:
- Is it more moral to eat food that is tasty? As we derive more pleasure from the same (assumed) amount of suffering.
- Is it better to eat big non-human animals? Again it reduces the quantity of suffering.
- Why humans worth more innately?
- You made decisions in the moral experiment. Do your ACTUAL decisions reflect how is it OUGHT to be?
- Are the decisions grounded in just morality and rationality? What if I replace the rabbit with a mouse? Would you still make the same choice? (okay. I admit I used rabbit intentionally.)
At the moment, I could not provide adequate answers to these questions. When I do, you can be assured I will write an article about it.
Finding startup partner: Two types of people to avoid when starting the next big thing
Two types of people to avoid when starting the next big thing
What I have learnt from past failures
Who this is for?
People who want to start a project
TL;DR
Find partners who have different talents
Find partners that are absolutely passionate about the idea
Don’t rush to get started and settle for anything less than ideal
There have been a time that I got so excited about a new idea that could turn into a million dollars business plan? I tossed and turned excited about my million dollars plan, unable to fall asleep.
Inside my mind there were all sorts of fleeting, grandiose imageries of how successful I would be, after making this one idea into reality. I can’t even wait to start the business immediately, even though it’s 4am in the middle of the night.
Next morning, I call my best friend: “Hey! I have an idea! Let’s start this project!” (Mumbled over the project plan in an excited yet exhausted voice — as a result of caffeine mixed with a spoon of excitement, plus a bucket of exhaustion).
This was a common experience. I started sereval projects that didn’t go well.
And here’s the lesson:
Don’t work with best friends just because they are best friends.
Having the right team is the key to building a successful project. Let me share with you what are the don’t I’ve learnt from two failures.
Nothing much. Just two failing stories.
Don’t only work with people who have overlapping skill sets
Partners are not clones of each other, each should see what others don’t see.
It was the summer when Snapchat boomed on the internet. It had soon became popular among my friend circles, which comprised of young, naive but energetic people.
As an insider, I soon spotted two limitations of Snapchat:
Snapchat can’t send a message to people who don’t have Snapchat installed.
People know the messages received via Snapchat will disappear, and they have the choice to shoot it with a camera without the sender even knowing. That’s why sexting over Snapchat is a stupid idea.
So I came up with is idea: why not a web-based Snapchat? Users could upload pictures or text to the website, and the website will convert them into bit.ly links that are valid for once, and the picture or text would stay on the screen for only 5 seconds.
This idea stroked me, and I couldn’t wait to turn it into reality. It almost felt like look for a toilet holding a litre in the bladder.
Inside my mind, there was this chubby friend. We were computer wizzs — and perhaps that was what made us good friends.
I called him and mumbled through the idea. He got excited about it too.
As a young, energetic dyad of programmers, we buzzed through the programming part in no time. The final product, named something like Read-Once-then-Gone, came into existence after three months.
We were thrilled. We thought we could be the next Zuckerberg. Triumph of the programmers!
The initial response was good. We got around 40 visitors per day within a week.
And it stopped. It stopped there.
For some reasons, we two cute IT fatties thought all it mattered was the code. We did the code, and without sustaining effort, people would rush to our platform for no reasons. Marketing plan? No need. Advertisement? We aren’t paying. We have already written the code. Value proposition? I am not sure if I had even heard of it.
Had there a business savvy in our team. He could have seen these problems. He might not be able to fix all the things magically — but at least he would have noticed them.
In retrospect, I seemed somewhat naive as I didn’t know much about IT business — but wanted to start an IT business.
Now I’ve some more business perspectives — but is it enough? how do I ever know what I don’t know?
The advantage of working with people with different perspective and skill sets is that they see what I don’t see; I see what they don’t see.
Don’t work with people who’re no more than interested in the project
Settle for nothing less than burning passion.
Seeing Donald Trump ranting on the television conceived me the dream to “Make Hong Kong great again!” too.
Then there was this idea in my mind that could possibly stop Hong Kong from being raped by China that harsh, if not to make her great again. The idea itself is not important to the story, so it will go unmentioned for now.
I always have a fondness for my country. However, I didn’t have well connections with people in political field. So I called my friend who worked for a political party, mumbled with my tired-but-excited voice and convinced him to start the project. My friend, then invited a bunch of peeps. For most of these peeps, I know them as friends but I have to admit I didn’t understand them in terms of working together too well.
“Team building is important” I said to myself. We headed off for dinner to share our thoughts on the secret plan to save Hong Kong. They all seemed faired interested and agreed to join, but to the remark that “please note that I do have other priorities.”
Things started out just fine. We met regularly. Some progress was made. Until it was no longer fine.
It was a time that I heard all sort of creative excuses: “ a meteor stroke my rooftop and I gotta have it repaired” “my dog mutated into a fox and I needs to take him to the vet”
I recalled how our team were formed. On the first meeting, many partners agreed my idea is a rather interesting one, they, however, left a note that they can only participate partially as they were preoccupied with some more important commitments. I knew it was a sign of no-go, but I ignored it because I was too excited to get the idea start going.
Our project then, instead of being the goal to strive for, was to them a burden for their more important goals.
As the leader of the group, I have made attempts to ratify the situation. I reflected upon myself: is the inactivity of the group due to the lack of belongingness? Then I called them out to have some fun. Yes, we had fun, the situation remediated shortly, but returned to the baseline very fast.
I tried to set up a role model by overloading myself. It seemed, however, of no avail. And worst of all, I was gradually influenced. I started to give less and less attention to the project, adhering to the deadlines less strictly until the project totally collapsed.
Faults were neither all on me nor my teammates — we just have different expectations and commitments. We are still good friends today. Just that, to start a project is hard. This experience has made me realise, to do something great, having an aligned vision is of utmost importance.
Find partners is hard. It’s meant to be hard.
Finding the one soul mate in life is hard? Starting a project is like finding many soul mates and keep good relationships with them simultaneously, and make sure each of them regards the others as soul mates too.
It’s an adventure. An adventure of sailing a tiny boat to a sea of pitch darkness. Because starting something new means stepping into the area of unknown. We need an indefatigable and versatile crew to accomplish the mission.
Ideas are seeds; The team is soil and their sweat is water.
I know how exciting it is for a new idea to sparkle in mind. The new idea almost seems to be the only thing that matters in the entire universe. Yet, even the best of the seeds needs a good soil to grow.
If I have geniune faith in my next big idea, I would wait, wait until I am dispassionate and still being able to see the beauty of the idea. Then I would wait even longer. Until I discover the soil.
Nothing less. Nothing less. It’s the way to respect the idea itself.
Overcoming Speaking Anxiety: How I use anxiety to be a better speaker
How I use anxiety to be a better speaker
A simple, practical mindfulness technique
Who this is for:
People who get too anxious when doing a public speech.
TL;DR
1. Some level of anxiety is good for public speaking.
2. Focus on anxiety instead of trying to get rid of it.
3. It takes continuous practice to work. Repeat and repeat.
I have a confession to make. My heart races every time like a wild horse when I stand on the stage to give a speech. The way I speak may not seem like it, but do you know what’s my greatest fear? Often I have to shake hand with the master of ceremony, and I know my sweaty palms just feel salmons freshly caught from the ocean — slimy, wet and disgusting.
But contrary to popular belief, anxiety helps me speak better.
What helped me is a simple technique. It’s practical and effective.
Why we’re flooded with anxiety?
Anxiety is a product of evolution. Yes. It’s there to help us survive. When I get anxious, my sympathetic nervous system activates. The heart rate increases, bumping more blood to the brain. Then, my brain will benefit from the increase of blood flow, as a result I become vigilant and cognitively agile, and thus giving me the eloquence to speak. In other words, I’m optimally aroused in arousal curve model. People need some arousal to attain the their peak performance, even for difficult tasks like public speaking. Neither too relaxed nor too stressed is good, as the arousal-performance model Yerkes-Dodson curve shows.
But why does it go wrong? It’s the way we manage anxiety — we want to get rid of it.
Humans are social animals. We fear to say the wrong things. We fear to be judged when we speak. That’s why we get anxious.
And it’s okay. It’s natural.
It is as natural as this. When I see a delightful piece of cake, smell the aroma in the air, my mouth starts salivating. I can’t, nor will I try to control these hard-wired responses: when I’m standing in front of a crowd, I don’t coerce myself to drive anxiety out. Because it’s much like telling my mouth to stay dry when I want to devour the cake. I simply can’t do it.
Supposed I try to get rid of anxiety — and it’s where things get nasty. If I failed to suppress my anxiety, I feel even more anxious for the failure. The more anxious I feel, the more I’m trying to get rid of anxiety … so and so on. And bloom! Do you see a full-fledged vicious cycle here? My arousal level would ascent and ascent far beyond the optimal, without even the slightest hope to relieve. This is when my mind would turn blank, and can’t even utter a word except um, huh or what.
What should we do about it?
Let’s utilise what we’re already good at to cope with anxiety: losing attention.
As students, I guess everybody knows how good we are at losing attention. Focusing on the lecturer is almost like standing on a giant metal ball on one foot. Usually, my attention will stay for a moment then it will slip. When we just focus on one thing without engaging it, losing attention seems almost inevitable.Why don’t we do the same to anxiety? Focus on it; Don’t try to get rid of it.
How does rhythm of pump-pump-pump in the racing heart feel like? What about the texture of the sweaty hands?
The key is to notice these physical subtleties, not to think about them. However, when I am meditating, I won’t force myself to stop thinking about these sensations either: it’s perfectly fine to have the thoughts such as “Oh my hand is so wet” to drift through my mind. If that happens, I just notice the thought too and let it fades away.
Okay. It’s enough theory there. I recommend you to bookmark this article, or copy the following part down. Everytime before I speak — I go through the exact same self-talk as written below. If you can’t wait to try it now, recall a stressful situation as vivid as you can, then follow the prompts.
Here’s how I do it:
Step 1. Feel myself
I sit down on a chair and find a comfortable position. Then close my eyes and start deep breathing. And gently notice all the sensations running through my body. I try to notice:
– What sensations are in my body?
– What thoughts are going on my mind?
– What emotions do I have?
Then I spend a few moments here.
Step 2. Focus on the anxiety
Now, I gently shift the focus to the body parts where anxiety resides.
Maybe it’s the racing heart? The shortness of breath? Or sweaty palms?
It doesn’t matter what they’re, I just try to notice them. I maintain a curiosity for them as if I’m trying to learn more about my body. How is anxiety affecting me?
Step 3. Transfer
Finally, I open my eyes and start to get in touch with the environment around me.
I ask myself: What can I hear? What can I see? Then I try to transfer and maintain the lucid awareness all the way until I give my speech.
What’s next?
Meditation is like going to gym, a gym of mind, and it takes practice. While this simple technique will help, it won’t make us perfectly composed speakers in no time. We need to practice often on that.
There is a myriad of benefits when I deepened my practice in meditation. It helped me to become a happier and less anxious person, noticeable result kicked in quite fast after I gave it a serious try. These effects, including boosting happiness and relieving anxiety, are scientifically proven.Practicing mindfulness turned out to be one of my best life decisions. A good book that I’d recommend, to begin with, is Mindfulness: A practical guide to finding peace in a frantic world.
Lastly, three takeaways from this article:
Give up controlling public speaking anxiety.
Notice how the body feels when we’re anxious.
Do it. Do it every time.
I hope this article helped you. Let’s spread the love and share it to more people in need!
Disclaimer: This is NOT an empirically tested intervention to boost public speaking performance, and should not regarded as such. I derived this method from my meditation practice and knowledge on mindfulness based intervention and found it to be quite effective to me and my friends - it's a personal sharing.
How to fall asleep easily and get a energised life
And say goodbye to those “Aw I can’t sleep” self-blame mindfully
It’s 3 a.m. I rolled and rolled on the bed, feeling physically exhausted, but my mind is the most awaken in the day.
“Damn! I need to wake up at 8 tomorrow.”
Then, these self-blaming thoughts revolve around and around. Sleeping gets even harder as these self-blames occupy my mind. Then I blame myself even harsher.
Does it sound familiar?
It’s a vicious cycle. But why? Why other people fall asleep with ease? Is there any problem with my brain or they hold the secret key of following asleep?
Image Source
Don’t worry. In this article, I’ll share a mindfulness technique that I learnt from a Buddhist temple that is practised by monks. Anyone can learn the technique. I have tried it myself and recommended to my friends — the review has been very positive so far.
It only takes 5 minutes on the bed before sleeping. It has rewarded me with quality sleep every day and the energized life that I’ve been longing for.
The five minutes exercise
All I have to do is a pre-sleep mini-meditation, called technique laydown, comprises of three simple steps:
– (Day 1 & 2) Put the hand on the abdomen. Say the word “ri — sing” slowly when inhaling air to the stomach. Notice the sensation of the abdomen rising. Focus on it. For breathing out, switch “ri — sing” with “fal — ling”
– (Day 3 & 4) After saying “fal — ling”, notice the body is lying on the bed and say “ly — ing” slowly in the heart. Then return to “ri — sing” of next cycle.
– (Day 5 and onwards) After saying “ly — ing”, notice how the bed and pillow are supporting the back, neck, and head. Feel the sensation of touching. Then return to “ri — sing” of next cycle.
Repeat the steps adove for approxmiately 5 minutes every night.
If the mind is distracted by thoughts or emotion, label them and say “thinking, thinking, thinking” or “sad, sad, sad” (in case it’s sadness that distracted my mind), then keep going.
It’s tempting to do all the three steps on the first day1, but the best way is to practice step one on the first and second day and follow the instruction above to build up the habit progressively. The mind takes time to cultivate — following the programme this way will bring a better grasp on each of the steps.
What can I expect after doing this?
This technique gradually unwires the knots in the mind that contribute to vicious thinking cycles that stop one to fall asleep. Especially the “thinking, thinking, thinking” part. It trains the mind to acknowledge and let thoughts pass by — so that the mind would be less trapped by those nasty “I can’t sleep” thoughts.
It also relaxes the mind — tuning it into a mode that naturally transits to a sleeping state.
However, the effect of mindfulness is different on every individual. Some people feel the effect in few days, but it takes weeks for the others. Commit and preserve is the key for this to work out. It’s okay to choose to give up if it feels like wasting time — but at least try it as a habit for a month.
Personally, I was a person that struggled quite a bit to fall asleep. In the first three or four days practising this technique, I didn’t notice any difference.
Then something quite subtle happened as I continued. The thoughts “When will I fall asleep?”, “Will I have enough energy tomorrow?” still fleet around my mind as usual, but they dissipate faster.
As I let go the attention, many nights I didn’t even notice I was going to fall asleep. Now I just lay on the bed, do the exercise, watch my negative or positive thoughts flow through my mind without judgement; then I’ll be naturally asleep.
What comes with having a good sleep is a more energised life. Meetings at 9 a.m. seem less daunting than before. Attention improved. Able to read more books. Do more sports. This pay-off from this simple exercise is massive.
Now I finished my sharing on how to improve sleeping quality with a simple technique. To approach this exercise, determination and compassion are the keys. Try to do it every night on the bed, but don’t be dissuaded by missing a night or two.
Skipping a night won’t destroy the effectiveness of the programme. I have skipped some nights too. This technique is for human beings, and at times, human beings don’t stick to schedule.
There’s no need to blame ourself for failures. Just resume. When it becomes a habit, good sleeping will come.
別再破壞親關係和自尊!3分鐘認識情緒勒索
大家是否都有聽過、甚至經歷過情緒勒索?
筆者身邊不少朋友正經歷此困境。
其中一位朋友面對的是來自母親的情緒勒索。
這位朋友(下稱A)於小學六年級時發現父親雖然看似很關心家庭,但卻開始酗酒和發展婚外情。
作為家庭主婦的母親知道後當然感到沮喪,經常向A訴苦,並指因不想A擁有不完整家庭才不離婚,所以要好好讀書回報母親。
A多年來非常孝順。
直至朋友A上到大學後,他開始變得經濟獨立,也結交了女朋友,因此萌生了移民的念頭。
當母親知道後非常反對,便開始對朋友A說:「你走咗嘅話,到時冇人照顧我,又要對住個衰老豆,阿媽真係唔知點算。」「咁辛苦湊大你,結果淨係理個無血緣關係嘅女朋友,點解我人生咁苦?」
雖則A很想移民,但每日聽到這些說話令他的罪惡感越大。
他曾告訴母親他多麼憧憬外國的生活,但母親的反應卻是比平時的大。
所以,A都不敢再在母親面前提起移民這話題,而他與女朋友的移民計劃也置於一角了。
自我檢查 – 你是否中了情緒勒索的陷阱?
情緒勒索(Emotional blackmail)是出現在心理治療師蘇珊·福沃德(Susan Forward)的書籍《情緒勒索:遇到利用恐懼、責任與罪惡感控制你的人,該怎麼辦?
Emotional Blackmail: When the People in Your Life Use Fear, Obligation, and Guilt to Manipulate You》後而變得普及。
她定義這是一種不停重複及具影響力的情緒支配,勒索者會喚起受害者的恐懼(Fear)、責任(Obligation),和罪疚感(Guilt),以威嚇他們如果不能達成勒索者的目標的話,便會被懲罰或拋棄(Forward & Frazier, 1997)。
福沃德亦提出情緒勒索牽涉到一個六個步驟的循環:
第一步:要求(Demand)
第二步:抵抗(Resistance)
第三步:壓力(Pressure)
第四步:威脅(Threats)
第五步:服從(Compliance)
第六步:重複(Repetition)
就以剛才朋友A的例子解釋:
母親提出的要求是不要移民,A抵抗母親說他有多麼喜歡到外國生活,母親的反應變得更大,向A施加壓力。
其後,母親再間接地威脅A,即是婉轉地表達自己的人生很苦。
最後,A敵不過母親的「悲情牌」,選擇了服從母親而放棄移民。
由於服從會加強勒索者的威脅,因此許多被害者受情緒勒索後的心理健康會變差,兩者之間的關係也會變得不完整(Forward & Frazier, 1997)。
勒索者的「牌子」
看完剛才的例子後、又經歷過情緒勒索的你可能會問:「我所遇到的勒索者不是打『悲情牌』,那麼他或她還算是在情緒勒索我嗎?」其實不同勒索者都有自己的途徑和形態去達成情緒勒索。
福沃德廣泛地把勒索者分成四種類型,分別是:
施暴者(Punisher)
自虐者(Self-punisher)
悲情者(Sufferers)
欲擒故縱者(Tantalizers)
施暴者類型勒索者的威脅形態可謂最明顯。
他們會明確地告訴你這訊息:如果你達不到我的要求,你就會有後果。
後果可以是任何東西,例如斷絕你的金錢或資源供應,和隔斷情感上的交流。
施暴者可再被細分成兩類型:會積極表達的與會消極表達的。
積極表達的施暴者可能會從言語中清楚地威脅你,例如:「如果你不幫我完成,我便會向經理打你小報告!」。
消極表達的施暴者可能會生你悶氣,當你不存在般。
這類型的勒索最會引起受害者的恐懼,從而選擇服從要求。
自虐者類型的勒索者會把威脅轉向自己,威脅受害者如果事情沒有照著自己的計劃進行,自己便會承受後果;
例如抑鬱症會重新發作,甚至乎會傷害自己。
成為自虐者類型的勒索者通常較需要更多關懷(Needy),為自己生活負責任的這方面亦較遜色。
而且,這方面的勒索會掀起受害者的責任感及罪疚感,令受害者認為要負責照顧勒索者的安康(Well-being)。
悲情者類型的勒索者也是會怪責受害者、令他們感到愧疚的類型。
悲情者會從不同姿態或行為中表達自己有多痛苦、辛苦、傷心,不幸運等等。
他們掀起受害者的罪疚感,並期待受害者洞悉他們的需求,如果達成了的話他們便會過得更好。
如果受害者看不穿、摸不透勒索者的要求的話,就會被視為不夠關心勒索者了。
欲擒故縱者會鼓勵受害者達成他們的目的,因完成後可能會得到好的收穫。
可是事實上,欲擒故縱者的勒索者並不會應守承諾,反而會要求受害者完成更多的目標才能得到獎勵。
慢慢的,受害者會為勒索者做更多東西。
情緒勒索是憑空出現的嗎?
剛才提及情緒勒索是在1997年之後才普及,那麼在1997年以前的人都是沒有情緒勒索的嗎?
並不是的;
所以Karnani 和 Zelman(2019)在研究情侶間的情緒勒索時,分析了情緒勒索與其他相關的互動模式概念和性格特徵有何相似/不同之處。
首先,情緒勒索與情緒支配(Emotional manipulation)這概念的相似之處就是兩者均描繪著反復(Repetitive)和事務性(Transectional)的習慣來達成人際上的目標。
情緒支配的本質並非差的,因為只是人類想鞏固生存所需的物質與關係而已,不存在本身是良善或惡毒。
反而,Forward 和 Frazier (1997)指出情緒勒索本身就是負面的,因為恐懼、責任及罪疚感會削弱受害者的自尊心(Self-esteem)及自治權(Autonomy)。
第二,是情緒勒索與糾纏關係(Enmeshment)。
糾纏關係是指一段親近的關係中擁有以下特點:含糊的人際(Interpersonal)及情感(Emotional)邊界,以及模糊的個性(Individualities)。
Hann-Morrison(2012)假設了糾纏關係是紮根於操縱(Manipulation)和控制(Control),加上限制情感的親密程度。
透過要求愛與團結的表現來確認對家庭的忠誠。
情緒勒索與糾纏關係都會削弱受害者的自主思想及行為,但情緒勒索形容的是某種雙向的溝通模式,而糾纏關係形容的是一種關係特點,並非某種溝通模式。
第三,馬基雅維利主義(Machiavellianism)是一種為了個人利益,而有意識地操控(Conscious manipulation)及剝削(Exploit)他人的模式。
這跟情感支配和精神病態(Psychopathy)相關,但跟糾纏關係卻是成反相關的關係。
這個主義亦被視為其中一個廣泛性的性格傾向,當中可包括操控性的溝通(Manipulative communication),亦即是情緒勒索。
第四,「末日四騎士」(The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse)是由美國心理學家約翰·戈特曼(John Gottman)提出的、能預計情侶中離婚和受虐的四個失調(Dysfunctional)的溝通模式。
包括:批評(Criticism)、鄙視(Contempt)、防衛(Defensiveness)和拒絕回應(Stonewalling)(Gottman et al., 1995)。
而Karnani 和 Zelman(2019)指出情緒勒索和「末日四騎士」都可作形容情侶間反復且負面的溝通,但情緒勒索獨特地可用作形容人際關係(不只是情侶間)的操控。
最後,是情感虐待(Emotional abuse)和親密伴侶暴力(Intimate Partner Violence,IPV)。
情感虐待包括壓逼(Coercion)、騷擾(Harassment)、沉默對待(Silent treatment)、威脅(Threats),與用於控制和支配的懲罰情緒(Punishing moods used for control and domination)(Karnani & Zelman, 2019)。
有些學者會說情緒勒索是情感虐待的「變種」(Lammers et al., 2005),有些學者認為情緒勒索與親密伴侶暴力的概念有「中度」接近(O’Campo et al., 2015),有些認為兩者之間是「高度」接近(Karnani & Zelman, 2019)。
由此可見,情緒勒索與其他的心理學概念息息相關。
是愛?
是責任?
還是……
現在,我們知道情緒勒索者如何運用我們的恐懼、責任,和罪疚感來達成他們的要求。
我們亦知道在許多人際關係及場合中會發現許多類似情緒勒索的事件。
可是,我們也需要分清楚什麼時候其他人的要求是合理的。
例如,如果你過往一個月廢寢忘餐地玩遊戲機,然後你母親要求你把電腦關掉,並威脅要把它轉讓給別人時,她的動機是為了讓你的生活重上正軌,而且你過往的而且確忽略了她的訴求。
所以,這便是一個合理的要求。
另外,這是否代表勒索者應受到所有的責備?
正所謂:「一個巴掌拍不響,一人難唱獨板腔」;
如果我們也懂得保護自己,分辨清楚何謂愛、可謂應份的責任、可謂過份的要求;
為自己立下界線,堅決不被其他人破壞的話,我們就能避免情緒勒索進入自己的生活中。
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Persuasiveness: One simple way to express you message crystal-clearly
One simple way to express you message crystal-clearly
Striving to be understood
Do you remember the time you gave a presentation, your audience looked at you attentively; your mind was loaded with brilliant ideas, but somehow the message was lost in the air when you speak it out?
Eloquence might come to some individuals naturally, but the good news is there’s a formula for expressing your points, that can guarantee a significant boost of coherence.
It’s called PEER — it can be applied to speaking and writing. It ensures your message is easy to understand and well supported, and, clarity of the message, would be a natural outcome.
What makes a message clear?
PEER stands for Point, Elaboration, Example, and Repeat. Messages structured is a flow that shifts from one component to the next. As a result, understanding the message would be effortless.
How does it work? Simply deliver the message in the following sequence: Point, Elaboration, Example, and Repeat.Point
There is a myriad of rhetoric devices one may choose to debut their grand main point. Some hint the point implicitly, some keep it until the very end, some are the combinations of multiple techniques. But saying the point at first makes the whole message straight-forward and easy to understand.
Yes, it may not be the most sophistical, fancy way to convey the undulation of your soul. This might be an old-school method, but the audience can always grasp what you’re going to say.
Elaboration
Elaboration supplements the point. In most cases, it can be treated as the “why is the ground of your point?” question. There is no silver bullet to this question, but the elaboration section should give a skeleton, so to speak, of the issue. For example, you do want to teach the importance of grit in life? Start elaborating by telling your audience what exactly is grit: “Grit is the quality to overcome setbacks to pursue the one goal in your life….”
Example
If the elaboration is the skeleton of the argument, then the examples are the flesh. Giving an example gives a rocket boost to the convincingness for humans are social animals and our brains are hard-wired to feel, not just understand, stories.
Can you think of a story that sticks to what you have just elaborated? If you just made the claim that eating an apple per day can enhance cognitive ability, why not share with the audience how the trick saved a helpless student? Remember to include emotions: how frustrated was the student? What was on his mind? How did the situation change when he followed the “apple trick”?
Repeat
The audience now knows everything that they need to know. But you want them more than just knowing, right? The conclusion wraps the content into a parcel that the audience can take away, and inspires action.
My favourite way to write up the conclusion is to summarise each section of the speech to one sentence, followed by a call-to-action that the audience can take.
Shall we see an example?
(Point) A crucial part of a good life is getting enough sleep. (Elaboration) Many people squeeze their sleep for work or other important things in life, but this is actually not a smart approach. While you might get an additional two hours or so, your overall efficacy is hampered because your mind doesn’t get enough time to rest and rewire. (Example) John, my friend running a start-up, just piloted to cut one hour of working time in the morning, asking his employees to sleep more. Surprisingly, there is a 20% boost in the company performance — and the employees are now happier and more loyal to the company. (Repeat) While you might not work in a company that plays nicely with you, remember rest more will enable you to do more — maybe just try to sleep 30 minutes early tonight? (Repeat — Call to action) You’ll be amazed by how much time you save from that 30 minutes of sleep.
(For another example, look at the structure of this article)
Easy and clear, right? Now you know the trick to deliver a simple, clear and effective message. Point, Elaboration, Example, Repeat — these four crucial components make a coherent cascade.
Sure — this is not the only effective way to organise your message. But it easy, smooth, and versatile that suit different situations. If you know a thrilling, brilliant way to structure the message, by any means, don’t be dogmatic about this approach.
Yet, having PEER in your arsenal can save you a lot of hassle.
Need to give an instant response to an interview question? Want to explain a point quickly and simply?
Your PEER is always standing by.
“Point, Elaboration, Example, and Repeat.”
Personal Growth: Are you “trying too hard” to be a better person?
How I am “trying too hard” to be a better person?
Dealing with the №1 downer in personal growth
“Hey, you’re trying too hard.”
I have to admit it’s a downer. Two of my friends, with very different personalities, reached the same conclusion about me. So, maybe really I am trying too hard.
I think this is the sentence that most people who strive for personal growth don’t want to hear.
How to deal with it?
What is trying *too* hard, though?
My friends told me, by “too hard” they meant unease overspills from me. Yes. They can see me improving. But the improvements don’t come easily, at times I do things that I am reluctant to do.
My friends, out of kind intention, reminded me not to stress myself too much. Their good intention very much touched me. Yet, I do have something to say for the culture of “not trying hard”.
Why everyone like geniuses instead of hard-workers?
My take on this is: because regret sneaks beneath our hearts only when we failed to seise opportunities, but not if opportunities don’t exist at all.
What is regret? Regret is blaming ourselves for not acting otherwise — to feel regretful, the perception of missed opportunities is a core component.
If we assume “geniuses” are fundamentally different from us, then all our failures, all dissatisfaction of life can be attributed to the “fundamental difference” between us and the geniuses, rather than missed opportunities.
We no longer feel regretful, for we’re wired in such ways that by no means we can achieve what our idols achieved. We just can’t so there’s no regret.
Liking for genius is a protection mechanism in disguise, but it comes at a cost: we lay back, without working hard when chances come to us.
We bury all the perished opportunities into a grave. The epitaph reads “ordinary” as if it explained why these opportunities have died out. We have no choice but to bury them, or else they’ll come back and whisper: I drought to death because you didn’t feed me a single drop of sweat.
I could have lived the life I had and bury more and more opportunities. But I don’t want to have it that way.
Life is a firework. We spark, dim and perish all in a flash. To spark small is not a crime, but to die out with vestigial is a shame.
And, that is why I am trying hard. Even “personal growth” sounds like a supplement for the not-so-cool kids. Even though trying hard means unease will overspill uncontrollably.
Screw the mind tricks; Embrace the unease
I said the liking for genius is the mechanism that protects us from regret in disguise. Any evidence for that?
No. It’s meditation rather than a scientific inquisition.
This mindset, however, is a beneficial one. It helps kicking out the bullshits that prevent me from improving. It also goads me to be a hard-worker.
“I won’t be as good as ABC (insert some names here) anyway, so why bother?”
Maybe true. But a significant improvement in any areas is almost warranted, given sedulous practice.
“Look, you’re trying too hard. You’re not at ease”
This phrase assumes improvements can be made doing only easy jobs. In fact, growth is repeating challenges that are moderately uncomfortable, until the unease fades. Then repeat all over with new challenges.
Noticeable unease is a crucial part of growth.
How hard is too hard?
I have seen some people who made oaths on a whim that they’re going to be a “entirely new person”.
Then they changed their lifestyle radically. They wake up at 7 am, do sports 2 hours a day, read books, learn a new language… et cetera.
For two days. That’s all. And then they bounce back to how they lived and said: “Nope, I can’t do it.”Steadfastness is the key. I set up specific goals that are mildly challenging and persevere through them. For example, I write 500 words on weekdays, it’s a significant commitment because it takes me 2–3 hours. But it’s not crushing me.
If something feels overly exhausting, I adjust the difficulty down — but I won’t discard the goal altogether.
Set up one small goal and stick to it. It’s only too hard when it’s out of ability — but not when our self-esteem mumbles all the discouraging words to us!
That’s how I approach personal growth, and the reward has been monumental so far. Every few months I pick up something new, even learning new things is mentally exhausting; I meet with different people, even occasionally my social anxiety nerves kick me.
It’s really, these things that add up to a better person.The way is simple: pick up a goal, set up small challenges, adjust and preserve, then repeat the whole process.
Unease, or “trying too hard” is the vital part of the process. Have grit, make small but persistent changes.
Looking for some inspirations to get started?
Here are a few:
Meditation — Become more resilience and happier
Meditation — How I made life better in one yearHow to be happier, and make wiser decisions every daybyrslf.coReading books — Become smarter and smarter
How to Be Smarter Than People Smarter Than YouAre you ready for this big secret?medium.comOnline courses — Picking up new super-weapons
Khan AcademyLearn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance…www.khanacademy.org
Moral Philosophy: Something is wrong, because you think it is?
Something is wrong, because you think it is?
On appealing to moral instincts with the classical trolley problem
In the first chapter of C.S. Lewis’s best-selling apologetics book Mere Christianity, he pointed we are almost unanimously acknowledging good and bad are objective standards that are beyond our mere preferences.
Consider a quarrel in a wet market:
A: That’s not fair, he got more fruits with the same price.
B: No. That child is an orphan, I ought to help the underprivileged.
While who’s morally right is controversial, moral standards referred here are not personal likings. Saying “I don’t like him to get this many fruits” does not have the pressing power of “Giving him more fruits is unfair”, which appeals to the moral standard of fairness. Which you know, most likely your opponent will most likely instinctually subscribe to the principle of fairness, regardless they have reasoned rigorously about this principle or not.
You may see a problem here, though. It is commonly perceived that being fair is moral, but how far the principle of fairness can extend? Do we, under all circumstances, ought to be fair? Such seems to be unlikely as there are other moral standards, say equity that we instinctually subscribe. And often the principle of fairness and equity collide with each other, it, therefore, shows to conclude what’s the right thing to do through the first moral insight is can be overly hasty.
In this article, I will be discussing how to better harness our moral instincts to judge what is the right thing to do. The approach to rely on intuition to know morality, as called ethical intuitionism, is highly controversial in its own right, but whether using intuition to deduce morality is a valid mean is out of the scoop of this article. This article assumes intuitionism and I merely intend to identify some common pitfalls of employing our moral instincts and how to overcome them.
Appealing to moral instincts as a mean of philosophical investigation
Appealing to moral instincts is not just for housewives in the wet market, but it’s also for philosophical arguments too. Objections to moral frameworks often employ reduced to absurdity arguments. Which is, in a nutshell, refuting a proposition by showing endorsing such proposition would lead to absurd (whatever that means) results.
Reduce to absurdity: Travelling to the past
For example, we could argue against the possibility of travelling to the past, because a time traveller can travel to an earlier point in time to kill himself. But if he killed himself, who’s the person that travelled to the past? Illogical consequence entails — it is concluded therefore travelling to the past is impossible. Here, “absurdity” referred to a logical paradox.Reduce to absurdity: Fat man trolley problem
However, reduced to absurdity for moral arguments are very different in nature. Consider this objection against utilitarianism, the moral theory that argues the right action is the one that maximises happiness for the greatest number: A trolley is about to hit 5 people on a rail, as a spectator standing on a bridge, you have an innocent fat man standing aside you. You know if you pushed him off the bridge, the trolley would crash into him and the five would be saved. If the principle of maximised happiness for most beings is followed, then you ought to push the fat man down.
Opponents of utilitarianism argued if we indeed ought not to push the fat man, the principle of utilitarianism is rejected. In a short form, the argument can be written as follows:
1) IF utilitarianism THEN push the fat man
2) Ought NOT to push the fat man
Therefore, NOT utilitarianism
1) is derived from the nature of utilitarianism, as sacrificing one’s life would bring lives to five. However, how is premise 2) being supported? Assuming the principles of utilitarianism are being endorsed, then the sole criteria for determining whether an act is right is whether it maximises happiness (for all). Pushing the fat man off is neither contradictory to this principles, nor will it lead to logically impossible ramifications like the example of travelling to the past. The conclusion for us ought to push the fat man is considered as “absurd”, nevertheless, “absurdity” here referred to a very different thing — rather than a logical problem — “absurdity” here refers to the ingrained revulsion when we evaluate the situation here.
Then, on what basis, we conclude that we ought not to push the fat man?
A brief overview of moral instinct
We conclude so on the basis of moral instinct — the instinctual moral revulsion I have mentioned. Which is, as a moral agent, we have the ability to perceive whether an act is moral or not. I here would like to draw the distinction between exercising moral instinct and arbitrarily defining what’s being morally good or not. Moral instinct, here I mean a perception that moral agents have that spontaneously and involuntarily apprehend moral statements. Such as “do good and avoid evil” is a statement any moral agent would apprehend as moral, as much as “If A, then A” would be endorsed by any logical agent, without external support whatsoever.
To what extent though, we can rely on our moral instinct? This is a difficult question, but the answer cannot be that we can trust it absolutely in every scenario. We can apprise intuitively that “1 + 1 = 2” is true doesn’t entail we can do the same to a complex, 10 paged mathematical proof, even that proof seemed intuitively true. Analogously, apprising intuitively that “do good and avoid evil” is justified, but the same doesn’t apply appraising intuitively that “abortion is bad”.
But after all, issues such as abortion, that are not self-evidently good/bad are those needed to be tackled by philosophy. How do we ponder on these if we can only rely on moral instinct to a certain degree? Philosopher Francisco de Suarez claimed moral precepts can be divided into three categories:
1) Those that are known immediately (e.g. “do good and avoid evil”)
2) Those that require experience to know, but are self-evident (e.g. “inflicting pain on others for no good reason is morally bad”)
3) Those that are not self-evident, but can be derived from more basic moral precepts that belong to 1) or 2) (e.g. “torturing an animal for no good reason is bad”)
Reappraising the fat man objection
Let’s revisit the fat man objection mentioned under Suarez’s framework. The proposition that “you should not push the fat man off the bridge to save five people” are neither category 1) and 2) in Suarez’s framework. For moral propositions in category 1) and 2) are not derived from other more basic moral precepts, in other words, statements like “do good and avoid evil” have the properties of irreducibility. They could not be explained why it is so, but through immediate moral apprehension (or with experience, for 2) statements).
However, we can give reasons for why “you should not push the fat man off the bridge to save five people” (e.g. killing a human is bad). It is, however, noteworthy that the reasons that we scrutinise here should be based on the difference of the classical trolley problem and the fat man problem, because, at least for most people, the classical trolley case does not elicit the same intense sense of repulsive moral sense in the fat man case.
Therefore, in the discussion of this matter, we should focus on the idiosyncrasies in the fat man case that is used as an argument to counter utilitarianism. For instance, “one shall not take any action that would take others’ life” is extraneous for the discussion, for in the classical trolley case this moral proposition is violated, yet in general, our moral instincts would not deem that as “absurdly immoral” and thus reject utilitarianism.
I will now outline the reasons, as far as I can think of, that uniquely accounted for the moral absurdity of the fat man case:
Mainly, pushing an innocent civilian off the bridge brings negative soceitial ramifications. Imagine living in a society, where it is permissible to push anyone down from a bridge, as long as it serves a greater good for a greater number. It is a society where individuals have their agency deprived, or simply put, living in a white terror.
I would argue, walking on a bridge is an activity that civilians would engage on a daily basis, and it is the sense of potentially being hurt anytime, over the other reasons, that elicited the moral instinct that pushing the fat man down is not right.
Considering this classical moral dilemma, of course, we have to discuss the famous Kantian objection that humans should not be regarded as means, but for ends in themselves. Do we instinctually regard it is not just to treat other as means? I believe this is not the case so — take a look at the loop variant of the trolley problem:
In this case, the man on the rail is serving a similar purpose compared to the fat man on the bridge: to stop the trolley with his body. The mere difference between the two cases is that the victim disappeared in different locations initially: one lied down on the rail mystically, which is an experience that probably I and you haven’t experienced; whereas another one was on a bridge, and I am pretty sure all of us have been on a bridge before. This difference, namely how we ordinary civilians are likely to be involved, may cause the differential appraisal of moral instinct. And such differential appraisal makes sense: pushing the fat man off the bridge would promote a sense of vulnerability, or white terror so to speak in the society.
Of course, one might criticise it is a hasty conclusion that our moral intuitions disapprove pushing the fat man off the bridge because of the probability of an ordinary civilian being involved is high. My response to this criticism would be as following: First, through comparing the loop variant and the fat man variant of the trolley problem, there seems to be no better explanation than the likelihood to be involved that accounts the resulted difference in the moral appraisal.
Moral heuristics: The fairly accurate moral GPS
Second, it makes sense that humans instinct are developed this way around — given the constraints when we are making moral decisions. We are humans, although we are capable of developing sophisticated moral frameworks with a combination of reasonings and instincts. But in most cases when we need to make a moral judgement in a split-second, instincts, instead of reasonings are what remains. Say, it’s simply impossible to do a long-winded debate on why fairness is a virtue when you’re trying to convince the shopkeeper to give you more vegetable.
Nevertheless, does it mean we can let go of moral considerations whenever there is no time to meditate on esoterical moral principles? Utilitarian philosophers like John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick think this is less than ideal, and it is necessary to follow some moral rules of thumb, that when followed, will most likely produce more good than harm. In which, our moral instincts are largely abided by these rules, or in other words moral heuristics. These moral heuristics do serve a value: an ancient Chinese philosopher, Mencius once said: “If men suddenly see a child about to fall into a well, they will without exception experience a feeling of alarm and distress.” (人乍見孺子將入於井,皆有怵惕惻隱之心。)
I would argue “don’t push an innocent person off a bridge” is one of these moral heuristics. For most of the cases, pushing people off a bridge would do more harm than good. Say, if we don’t have the moral instinct that dissuades us from pushing others off a bridge through a non-rational route, who knows what’d happen if we have a fierce argument with a person on a bridge, so fierce that it shuts down our rational faulty?
New lens to the fat man problem
With the analysis above, we come to the following conclusions:
1) Moral instincts tend to disapprove pushing the fat man
2) In consequentialists perspective, there is reason(s) to argue against pushing the fat man, bearing to non-moral facts such as whether pushing the fat man would cause greater societal distress
3) Humans often use moral heuristics to make moral judgements in daily life
It can be further concluded that instinctual judgement of disapproving pushing the fat man has some legit considerations. Say it may threaten the social autonomy as I have analysed above. Whether the societal harm would outweigh the benefit that four lives being saved is really another debatable issue that would perhaps never reach a unanimous answer.
Yet, I’d like to point out analysing societal harm depends on the social context. Under some context, it may be justified to push the fat man down, while under some are not. Whereas the original form of the fat man problem didn’t provide the social context of the situation, yet still our moral instincts are able to render judgement, which I’d call an omission.
To support my stance, I’ll provide an example of social contexts that would plausibly affect the judgement of common moral instincts.
Multiple Bridges
You’re a member of a village comprises of 601 villagers. Fortunately (or unfortunately) except you, all other members are involved in the fat man problem, assuming every one of them is of equal importance to you so you don’t have to consider the probability of your close relatives being involved. 100 villagers are randomly assigned to be fat men on 100 bridges and the remainders, 500 if them, are lying on 100 different rails. How would you do? Would you push all the fat men, or push none, or push some?
How does your instinct react to this scenario? For me, it made me more inclined to push all the fat men — and I guess it would be the same for same for most people as you start to consider the difference in societal impact between the two cases.
Note that this multiple bridges scenario is not a new variant of the trolley problem, rather, it’s a piece of supplemental information of how the fat man variant problem is enacted. This is exactly identical to the original paradigm except with societal context supplied.
If additional societal context would incline our moral instinct towards pushing, or otherwise, it shows moral instinct of this particular sort is a moral heuristic. Because a crucial characteristic of moral heuristic, or heuristic of any sort, is that information-gaps are being filled by the heuristic.
In short, the concluding pushing the fat man is unjust instinctually is largely a moral heuristic as I have shown there might be missing pieces of information that may invert the moral instincts’ appraisal. It follows that this particular objection to utilitarianism is futile because the proposition that “one ought NOT to push the fat man” is context-dependent and moral instincts would not necessarily apprise it as true — when an additional context is supplied.
Wrapping up: reason with our moral instincts
We have gone through the journey of scrutinising a famous moral argument that appeals to moral instinct. What can we learn from it?
I think Elon Musk’s words put it as best — although he spoke not of the domain of morality, it is of striking relevance when we consider moral problems:
“Boil things down to their fundamental truths and reason up from there, as opposed to reasoning by analogy.” — Elon Musk
Moral instincts, too, often function by analogy. When it approaches a new case, it recalls the cases that we are familiar with and renders the judgement.
Push to kill an innocent fat man? In the real world, 99% of such action do more bad than good to our society. While in our daily life it is reasonable not to push the fat man, given that we don’t have the time and mental resources to do the cost-benefit analysis and thus can only rely on our primitive instinct.
But, philosophical meditation is different. We do have the time and mental resources. For any person making his conquest to a moral question with the intuitionist approach, I think he should keep boiling down the question until it becomes something that is self-evident (Type 1 or 2 in Francisco de Suarez’s framework). And, especially in metaphysic ethical questions, avoid the temptation to justify an act in a new context, when it is agreed that that particular act is just another contexts.
Say, as a Christian, I am highly sceptical of the doctrine of eternal damnation. I often encounter people drawing analogy between secular punishment (i.e. imprisoning a murder), and the “divine” punishment, and through this justifying the latter. We virtually have a consensus on the legitimacy of secular punishment — for it serves the purpose of correction AND protection of the others, through segregating/killing the trespassers. But hell would neither correct one for the better nor protect any being, would this kind of punishment be justified?
What’s the sake of an eternal hell?
Punishment for punishment per se?
Can it be boiled down? (Reduced to more fundamental moral principles)
For sure, some people would deem retributive justice as something self-evident. But can it be spoken of to the degree of certainty of that our instinctual apprisial of “Do good and avoid evil”?
Indeed, these are not easy questions. But as a person in an ever-evolving society that becomes more divided over moral issues, such as abortion, veganism, and others. The issues are hardly one-cut right or wrong by the acts themselves, but the morality of these issues bear on the consequences and factual truth. For example, if science shows fetuses have no consciousness, then the moral judgement of the case would be very different .
It is, therefore, of vital importance to boil down these issues to fundamental precepts, instead of being overwhelmed by the first instinctual response that is often habituated by the society. Such that, our moral instincts can be of better leads to the true good.
How to be happier, and make wiser decisions every day
Who this is for:
Anyone. Meditation is too nice to have some people excluded.
TL;DR
1. Meditation made me (very much) happier and almost better in every aspect.
2. Meditation is not very hard, but it is not easy.
3. Perseverance is the key to build up the habit of mindfulness.
In 2017, I meditate every day and picking up meditation as a habit is simply one of the best life decisions I’ve ever made.
I feel happier, more composed, and able to do everything with more lucidity.
Here’s how:
The starting point
Meditation has been revolving around me for serval years, although it had never been an important part of me. I might do it on a fine sunny day when I feel like it, but not the other days when more important things were on my schedule.
I was using HeadSpace.com. This platform contains meditation soundtracks intertwined with mindfulness practices such as thought diary. The exercdises are easy to follow, and the platform has a delightful interface.
I used their service for about a year. I did notice some rather subtle changes if they’re not unnoticeable at all.
Don’t get me wrong. Headspace is an awesome platform. I just lacked the impetus to do it every day.
Mediation is much like going to the gym or eating healthily, doesn’t work until it becomes a habit. That was why I didn’t have much chemistry with HeadSpace.
I knew meditation is a nice thing to do, but I felt I didn’t need it. At times, what we need is not the best book or the best piece of advice, but some words that touch our soul in the present moment. What didn’t work before might work in the present; what will work in the future might not work in the present.
For me, meditation didn’t change much, but then it did.
Stick to it for real changes.
The turning point
2016 was rather a hectic year for me. I left the UK to continue my studies in Hong Kong. Moving to another country, even my own was stressful. A lot of things needed to be reoriented.
Things didn’t go well as I recalled — I wouldn’t say I was on the verge of collapsing, but I least I would say 2016 was very far from enjoyable for me.
Then, a friend recommended me the Mindfulness: A practical guide to finding peace in a frantic World book.
This was not my first mindfulness book, but it came at the right time. My dissatisfaction with life, frequent chatters that blamed myself for my emotional reactions to different events were gently addressed and soothed by the words of the book. Such resonance made determine my decision to follow through, without excuses, the meditation programme in the book.
Frantic World is an excellent book of its kind. It consists of an 8-week programme requiring a daily investment of 20 minutes. In addition to the formal meditation practice (aka sitting there), the book features guided mindful activities ranging from eating raisin to visiting a museum. Explanations accompanying the exercises are always clear and backed with evidence.
The effect became noticeable after following the programme tightly for about two weeks. I first noticed the enhanced lucidity of mind. I started to appreciate trivial things in life that never grabbed my attention before. One day I pulled out a piece of tissue and was amazed by the soft texture that rubbed my hand — I knew it was the charm of mindfulness.
Why on earth I was feeling happy for a piece of tissue? There are, of course, moments in our life that are way better than holding a flimsy piece of tissue.
But the past is gone; The future is yet to come.
All we have is the present. Sometimes, all we have is the gentle touch of a piece of tissue. Isn’t it nice to get more out of it?
Live in the only moment we have.
Better, better, and better
The goal of meditation is to fuse mindfulness practice into daily life.
I feel relaxed in meditation sessions, but the impact of meditating is far beyond feeling relaxed while meditating. Instead, we treat meditations as little experiments. We spend time observing our mind, notice how are we easily distracted, how a single piece of negative thought can grow into a depressive thinking stream. We gain insights on these and apply the observations in our daily life, for instance, when a negative thought pops in, I know how to notice it without fuelling it with more negative thoughts, the result is greater control over daily thinking and emotional pattern.
Therefore, the daily meditation session is crucial. It’s a reminder of not to forget mindful living. Think of Cobb’s spinning top in the movie Inception: it’s useful only if Cobb checks it frequently.
Mindfulness is no difference: we need to nurture a habit to be constantly aware of the state of our mind.
The habit is hard to nurture. Meditation itself is a painstaking activity. Boredom, agitation, reluctance or tiredness might strike anytime. These feelings may even stop us from meditating.
But the habit, once acquired, is of immense power.
Good things happen in life. Bad things also happen in life. External circumstances govern our reaction without our deliberations. Heard some offensive words? Fightback.
But awareness of mind adds a layer in between the external circumstance and reaction. A mindful practitioner can notice how they’re tempted to react — then deliberately decide how to react. The transition is a bit like from an audience of a movie to the director of the movie. The movie of our life.
Such transition is not an on-and-off button of course. At times I react without thinking much too. There is, however, a pretty clear trend of improvement of how much I am aware of my thoughts in retrospect.
Mindfulness can rewire the brain and change its biological structure, but it takes time. Meditation can untie knots in our mind — but it can’t untie all the knots that have been there for all our life in no time.
Give it time.
To spice it up
Well experienced the benefits of meditation, I joined a 10-day meditation retreat in a Buddhist temple. It was a full-time, hard-core experience. To sum it up I would say it’s good and bad — it deepened my practice, but the camp itself was tough.
As I stepped into the door of my dormitory, I was greeted by an overwhelming amount of ants. These ants were everywhere: on the floor, on my bed, and in my bags. Waking up at 5, we had breakfast at 7 and lunch at 11, and we weren’t allowed to have food in the afternoon.
The daily routine was all about meditation. There was no recreational activity in the 10-day period. Meditation sessions progressively increased from 30 minutes to 60 minutes. I was doing 8–10 sessions per day. It was a very exhausting mental activity. Approaching the end of each session, I noticed my mind was at unrest, and also the body because of the cramped posture. “Did I forget to set the timer?” I said to myself every minute because an hour seemed unreasonably lengthy with my mind focused.
Ten days felt so long, but it eventually came to an end. Stepping out the temple, I found the city seemed more splendid than ever. Sights of the street, a touch of the wind played a lively drama in my mind.
Indulging myself in urban reunion, I lost my wallet in a foreign country right after I left the camp. For a short moment I panicked, but soon the meditation training kicked into my mind. I observed my anxiety and aggrievement, and it was like I put them in a container — they were still there, but unable to affect me. I then aptly reported to the police and gathered some new fund, as this incident was settled. I continued to roam with my vacation mood unaffected.
Two important realisations
I can’t stay focused!
Like many beginners of meditation. I felt the urge to purge my mind. I was perturbed by the tumultuous state of my mind.
Being distracted several times every minute is indeed frustrating, but meditation doesn’t make the mind tumultuous, nor purging the mind is the objective of meditation. Meditation is the practice to realise how the mind is being distracted.
Noticing the mind being distracted itself is meditation.
The constant distraction-pull back cycles will eventually give us greater control over our mind
I don’t see any effect!
There are many things that I can’t be forced, and the benefit of meditation is one of them.
It is, of course, sensible to endorse the “just try a little bit” strategy. I once dipped my toe lightly in meditation and was somewhat disappointed in the outcomes. I believe changes were there, but whether being able to notice them was another thing. I needed much more for an apparent effect.
“The more we put in, the more we get out” is the mantra of meditation.
What later helped me actually to get something out of mediation was faith. Faith in meditation. Faith in all the scientific endeavours that validated the effectiveness of meditation.
I made a decision. No matter what, I am going to complete the mediation programme in the book.
In the first week, things were just as the same. I mumbled to myself constantly: “Oh! Why I am doing this?” “Is it really useful?” “ I can’t feel anything” But I knew no matter what, I was going to meditate for at least 8-weeks.
Ruled out quit as an option, I continued, and gradually things changed as I carried on. The annoyance was replaced, bit by bit, with the fruits of meditation.
Trust me. It will pay off.
The takeaway
What’s the best way to start meditating? The way that will actually make one get started is the best way. Let me make it clear: the investment is 20 minutes per day for at least a month. 20 minutes might sound short, but most meditators find it tougher than expected.
The Frantic World book was an excellent one. But it is not the only option. Headspace.com is easy-going and fun. Even a simple online tutorial will work. The key is to make it a habit and do it every day.
Try it for two months. Unless the sky falls, quitting is not an option. Not liking it? Continue. Feeling tired? Continue. Bored? Continue. Decide whether to continue after two month. The only way to get anything out of meditation is to try it. I am pretty sure the improvements will be quite clear by then.
Convinced? Then go.
Liked this article? Also check out my tips on how to be a better speaker with mindfulness:
How I use anxiety to be a better speakerA simple, practical mindfulness techniquebyrslf.coBy the way, if you turns out to be living in Hong Kong, check out the meditation group that I lead 🙂
http://treehole.hk
Mindfulness Meditation: This is the map you’ll need to learn it properly
Systematic practice is more important than a tutorial
Perhaps you’ve heard of the ranges of benefit of practising mediation and want to get started, this is the right place.
While this story is dedicated to beginners of meditation, but it is not a meditation tutorial. What beginners need is not a tutorial, rather, a path because meditation is both easy and hard.
Meditation is easy. There is an abundant amount of easy-going video tutorials, and anyone can try a 10-minute meditation for the first time in their life.
But you won’t reap much from that single session of 10-minute meditation. Chances are, you’d find an intricate feeling combined of relaxation and exhaustation. You find it interesting but forget it the very next day.
Some say meditation is the “gym of the mind” and it’s very true. Sitting on a workout machine on a whim would not give you a strong physique, as much as a single session of meditation would not give you the tranquil mind you longed.
Mind, like the physique, need to be systematically and regularly trained. In the system of cultivating mindfulness, you’ll need to know far more than how to meditate:
– How to approach boringness, restlessness, or agitation when meditating?
– How to suffuse the mindful awareness in the daily life?
– Why would simple practices like concentrating on breathes train up the mind?
– What are the benefits?
– And many more…
A simple article simply won’t suffice. What beginners need is a path, not a short tutorial.
What are the paths?
There are many ways to approach mindfulness meditation. A good way should provide a good understanding of the practice, cultivate perseverance, and is approachable.
I listed five approaches in the infographics above. Except for chocolate meditation being a “little taster” of mindfulness, others are good systematic ways to train up your practice.
Have you made up your mind? Use the infographic to aid your decision and the resources to the paths are here:
Frantic World BookMindfulness: A practical guide to finding peace in a frantic worldBuy Mindfulness: A practical guide to finding peace in a frantic world First Published in UK 2011 by Mark Williams, Dr…www.amazon.co.ukChocolate MeditationArticleThe Chocolate MeditationMindfulness meditation is often seen as an austere practice. While simplicity has its place, it also pays to remember…www.psychologytoday.comGuided SoundtrackHeadSpaceMeditation and Mindfulness Made Simple – HeadspaceLive a happier, healthier life with just a few minutes of meditation a day on the Headspace app.www.headspace.comMeditation Class/Retreat
Finding a mediation class/retreat is more effortful than other options. There are many schools of meditation. Some are secular, some are Buddhists and each has their own underlying phliosophy.
Usually searching “Meditation Retreat/Class + Your City” would find you a lot of classes and retreats. But not all retreat are for all people.
While I cannot give a detailed analysis on each available option, it is important to know what school of meditation of the class/retreat is following. If you’re looking for secular psychological practice, add MBCT (Mindfulness-Based Cognitve Therapy) or MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) in your search. Or else, usually class/retreat has a Buddhist tie.
Ask yourself how much you’re willing to commit for it. Class/retreat have varying commiment level — take a look at how they practice, see if the practice and goal fits you. Everyone’s different and there is no definitive answer here.
Perhaps you have made up your mind picking up a path? That’s good. Or you’re still pondering? That doesn’t matter too. Making a committed decision is better than doing something on a whim — that you would give up in few days.
Mindfulness changed my life by changing my way to relate to thoughts and emotions. Since then I am committed to advocating this art of living to more people.
After meditating for two short years, I experienced a myriad of benefits in areas such as happiness, anxiety, and sleep. You can read my stories here:
Super-boost your professional life: Commute meditationWarming up your mind for big challengesmedium.comMeditation — How I made life better in one yearHow to be happier, and make wiser decisions every daybyrslf.coMy stories themselves are merely a combination of words and they won’t make your life better. I am just sharing a path that I have trodden and turns out to be magnificently fruitful for me. Gems are on the path but you would never find them unless you take the first step.
Happy meditating!
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How to learn something new everyday on the train
Seriously, audiobooks are underrated
Do you fancy to reclaim your precious time lost in commuting? Not long ago, I was one among many of you who allow commute time to be lost in vain.
Fortunately, I have discovered some activities that could turn these times into value. The last time I talked about how a 10 minutes commute meditation could transform your professional life. Today, I’ll be reviewing Amazon’s audiobook company Audible.
One month down using their service, despite some minor nuisances, I find that listening to audiobooks on the train is simply fascinating. About the nuisances, I have one tip to share: book choice is important
Does listening work? The confession of a bookworm
I love books. I love reading. When the idea of devouring a “book” with my ears struck me — it just didn’t sound right.
I thought the eerie synthesised voice would not give me the warmth of printed text on a paper; Let alone to be able to understand the content.
Anyway, on a tired day that I didn’t feel like reading, I gave it a shot.
I was right, at least for the first few minutes. I chose “The Righteous Mind” by Johnathan Haidt. At the moment I hit play, it felt very different compared to reading a printed book.
However, soon I was no longer focusing how the experience was different, but immersing myself into the insights narrated by a brilliant story-teller. Much credits to the author of this mindblowing book. The witty illustrations of how humans’ moral mind work soon captivated me. By the way, I strongly recommend this book if morality, politics or human nature sound like your cup of tea.
Audiobook: Effortless, and memorable
Surprisingly, the contents the audiobooks are easily memorable. I remember at least as much as reading a physical book.
Partly so is that the book was an excellent one. However, what also plays an important role is that this audiobook that runs for 11 hours was ingested in small chunks. It became a commute habit- 20 minutes of audiobook slides smoothly into my mind without much effort. Also, listening just consume less mental stamina than reading. It is almost like a wise, old friend is standing by your side and sharing his life stories to you.
Book choice is important: Let audiobook takes you to the next level
I get the most out of audiobooks from choosing books that are lengthy informational ones that I am intrested, but am too lazy to read. Also they better be fairly sophisticated but not too esoteric to understand.
This is true for serval reasons. First, many ideas and concepts revolve around a lengthy book. Learning them with space in between makes you absorb the information better. The intervals in between also let the ideas to settle in and mingle with the existing knowledge base I already have.
Second, a 10-hour audiobook, which is approximately equivalent to a 500-page book, can be finished in a mouth if I listen to it in my 30-minute commute every day. It doesn’t feel like a chore and fit into my daily schedule nicely.
But audiobooks still have its drawbacks. I once tried to “read” Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant, which is a philosophical classic that I always wanted to conquer. I thought it would be as painless as other audiobooks but I turned out I didn’t understand every sentence that the narrator uttered. I retired with a printed book, it then became comprehensible with serious effort.
It is also way harder to reference to a particular part of the audiobook. Each chapter is an hour long and there’s no text search. So all I can do is painfully hitting the 30s back button and this process is always a tedious one.
Verdict: Probably not for all, but definitely a bliss for my learning
I don’t know if everyone would like audiobooks. Perhaps some die-hard fan would find the scent of paper irreplaceable.
It is neither a replacement for the book, too. Listening to audiobooks doesn’t make me ditch paper books altogether. I would still devote the time to devour a lively written novel, or a wise philosophical piece that needs some mental energy.
In a nutshell, though, audiobooks help me expand my knowledge base quickly and recycle my wasted commute time. As far as that, I am happy to write a non-paid advertisement for Amazon’s Audible, and link everyone to their one-month free trial.
Giving Advice: How to in a way that inspires growth
How to give advice that inspires growth
Be sympathetic, actionable, and detailed
We all have this experience. Some friends come to us and say: “Hey. I gonna talk to you.”
Then they started to talk about how life saddens them. “You’re a slut!” my friend shared how her mother called her as she got in a relationship that her mother didn’t like.
“That’s not right” I said to myself. I urged to “fix” the situation.
Then I advised her: “Why don’t you just move away? It’s simple!”
Then, a brief sign of irritation flashed through her eyes. Apparent she wasn’t happy.
Yes. Often advising can backfire. But if done appropriately, advice can give new perspectives that foster changes.
So, how do we give the right advice? I will be walking through a formula of developing advice that not only soothes broken hearts but inspires growth and actions.
Often advice irritates other because the person in distress knows much more about the situation than the adviser.
Uninformed advice can even be unrealistic and arrogant: Just imagine how I would feel if a billionaire advises me to rent out my house to cover my financial difficulties?
The rule of thumb is: understand first, advise later.
Later on, I discovered my friend was an emotional pillar, for her mother that was on the verge of collapsing. My friend was very much distressed by the acts of her. But leaving home would further exacerbate her mother’s mental problem.
Had I known this situation, my advice might have been very different.
Also, if people come to us, they’re seeking to be understood. Although sometimes we can’t understand why they’re sad, for example, some people cry over for getting a C in an exam.
But what if that C may twist their life direction that they’ve been working hard for? We don’t know. All we know is the fact that they’re subjectively distressed.
Tenderly acknowledge their subjective experience first, the action in itself is soothing and can help a lot. To acknowledge others’ feelings, I can say the following lines:
– I can see you’re in immense distress for (the event).
– That must not be easy, isn’t it? You’ve done an excellent job keeping up here.
Here are the tactics, how can we re-work the “move out” advice to my friend to make it more sympathetic?
“That must not be easy, isn’t it? I can imagine I would be very sad too if my mother says this to me. What makes the situation even worse is your mother needs you. You want to support your mother, but your well-being is important too — I might struggle if I’m in your shoes.”
Actionable
Making advice sympathetic is the first step — if the friend appreciated the idea the advice, it’s a good time to come with an actionable plan. After all, the advice has no power when it’s not executed.
“Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.” — Albert Einstein
With that said, it doesn’t mean I should keep instructing others what to do.
Come up with a plan that encourages actions together. The process should be a collaborative dialogue to come up with some concrete action that can be taken. The action can be a small one, and it’s often a good choice to commit something small at the beginning.
How do we encourage my friend to take action then?
Friend: I understand maybe moving out is better for me… but I can’t leave my mum behind
Me: Um-huh. I can see you really care your mum.
Friend: I do… But at the point, I don’t know what to do…
Me: Does your mum know what she said have hurt you?
Friend: I don’t know… Haven’t talked to her about this.
Me: Do you want to know? Perhaps she was troubled emotionally and perhaps hurting you was not her intention.
Friend: Yes — I do. I want to understand her but opening my mouth is not easy.
Me: It’s not easy. Let’s work this out.
Detailed
Like the situation my friend was in, taking action can be hard.
Embarrassment. Confusion. Fear. These are the enemies of taking initiatives.
What would happen if I take the first step? What if things go wrong?
These are reasonable doubts — every person thinks of these when we consider taking action. Keeping them unresolved leads to inaction. As advisers, we don’t just give advice — we are the companion of our friends.
Just like travel companions work on the travel plan together — we work with our friends on the advice to address the roadblocks that may be on the way. How to do it? Here are a few probing questions to ask:
– What may be the emotional challenges taking action?
Trying something new can be daunting. Ask: “How might you feel if you follow the advice?”
This question will lead us into their world so that we can fight the emotional challenges together. Say, social anxiety may deter a friend who’s asked to reach out to more people. Trying to understand their feelings will empower them — as it’s a gesture to stand by their side.
– How to get started? What are the potential challenges on the road and how to deal with them?
We all contemplate one question whenever we’ve got advice: what might come up? For example, if I advise my friend to move out, she needs to consider how to pay the rent. How can we apply the two pointers above, to develop the advice, so it addresses the emotional and practical side of the action?
Friend: I just don’t know … in my entire life I haven’t talk to her about my feeling this way…
Me: Ah huh, how might you feel if you talk to her?
Friend: Awkward? Maybe? I am also afraid of saddening her.
Me: I can see you’re feeling uncertain here. It must be hard.
Friend: Yea…
Me: It’s a bit of regret though — if uncertainty stops two people who cared each other communicating.
Friend: Fair enough. It might not go well though; if the relationship continues to be bad, I might need to move out.
Me: It must not be an easy decision to make.
Friend: Right. How on earth I can pay the rent…
[We then went on to discuss how my friend could finance her decision to move out]
Conclusion
There’s no silver bullet for giving advice. Every person faces their difficulties after all. Often listen wholeheartedly is the best way to support.Don’t give advice just for giving advice.
However, there are tips to make sure advice inspiring. Be sympathetic, advise other from their perspective; Be actionable, it should be something that can be done; Be detailed, on exploring together how to take action.
Advising is a journey that we create with others together. That, after all, is the most important bit for giving an advice power to inspire others for better life.
By the way, if you turns out to be living in Hong Kong, check out the meditation group (Cantonese) that I lead 🙂
http://treehole.hk
I am the captain of my ship – a short story of free will
I am the captain of my ship
A lighthearted story on determinism: do I have free will?
I am the captain of my ship. The world is my oyster. I am free to sail anywhere I wish to. Be it embarking on a peaceful island, indulging myself in a never-ending festival of food, sex, relationship and knowledge. Or be it a majestic voyage, to furnish my ship into a battle-cruiser and to fight for what I believe. Or be it something in the middle. Choices are mine — the captain of the ship.
Or are they?
“They certainly are!” said the young, naive me. Well, as a juvenile sailor who just set his foot on the newly polished deck, life at that time meant to grapple everything that I could set my eyes. I brandished the sword of wisdom during my conquest of the island of mathematics. A smug smirk paved its way across my face as I slew down the vicious monster named “quadratic equation”. Ah! I shudder as I recall that tough battle. During this conquest, I also discovered the radar of friendship with which I found a lot of fellow greenhorn sailors. Little did I know that these shrimps would be the ones I would go on an adventure with. But for most of the time, stepping upon the pedal of naughtiness was my favourite amusement on board. Each step on that pedal was a new surprise. For the last time that it activated, the rear cannon of the ship fired a pile of cream towards my teacher’s face. All in all, I was the carefree captain with full autonomy during my childhood.
Amidst this joy ride, I noticed a subtle but recurring metamorphosis on the ship’s body. Although there has been no drastic change, the ship seemingly improves upon the completion of each quest. Say, I just spotted a nice little cannon on top of the mast yesterday! I am sure it would be a handy tool if I ever paid that cursed island another visit! However, with each and every change, my heart would inch closer towards restlessness. After all, I never get to know or even witness how these changes occurred.
Being an ambitious explorer, with my gaze fixated upon completing each and every quest that would arise from those undying hedonistic bells, my heart seemed to be unwavered by these recurring thoughts. As a fast ship, I cruised through the seas of childhood and adolescence within a breeze. As I turned 18, a box studded with scarlet red crystals mysteriously appeared upon my deck. After being tugged between the feelings of caution and curiosity, I finally gave in to the latter and opened the box.
Inside the box laid a silver plate with its surface as smooth and well polished as a knight’s shield. The silver plate would reflect an image of every single object before it… except for mine. I couldn’t see my reflection on the silver plate. It took away my composure. To relieve my angst, I experimented: I set the plate in front of me while gripping the helm. Then I witnessed the creepiest scene in my life: On the silver plate, the helm turns itself as if I were there. That makes me feel even more aggrieved, how could the ship control itself without my presence? I am the captain, and something must be going wrong! So I tried to be defiant, I left my captain seat and started to vandalise my ship — this is the first time I’ve done so to my so beloved ship.
I soon discovered I can’t damage the ship, regardless what I have done, the ship recovers itself in seconds. After hours of gruntle and riot, I exhausted all of my energy and lied down on my bed. A spooky thought sneaked into my mind: Do I really exist? My instinct said yes without much thinking, but my rationality argued for the opposite. Have I ever saw myself? How do I look like? Well, I have some friends, but we only communicate through radars on the ship and they have never saw me in person. The uncertainty for my existence, cast me in a profound introspection, for the first time.
Further I thought: My ship deemed autonomous by others, merely because there is no external hindrance limiting actions of the ship. I know the ship per se has no free-will, and its actions are direct reflection of my will — the will of the captain. But what about me? Do I just drive myself? Say, I always want to beat the mightiest monster among all the islands, and indeed, I have the freedom to attempt — however what if is there a pedal within my mind, when stepped on, will activate my desire to beat the monster? If so who’s stepping that pedal? So, am I actually free? I can say no for two reasons.
First, you can do what you desire, but do you don’t get to control what you desire. Well, you may argue, some people regulate their desires willfully. Such as one can train themselves to desire sex less through psychological practice such as meditation. But where does the incipient motivation to control your desires stems from? It’s some factors that we don’t get to control, maybe your background or your experience. Yes. We can act to change yourself; we can cultivate our motivation for self-improvements. But who kicked the initial kick for any act, or desire to change?
Second, our mental empowerment is bestowed rather than acquired. Some people are just more determined, intelligent and open-minded than others. You may say that one can train oneself’s mental qualities, but training requires one’s strong will to start and persevere. One with poor determination just wouldn’t try to improve his determination at all in normal circumstances.
“An inferno dragon is attacking my ship!” said Julian, my best friend, his voice pulled me out of my deep contemplation. My existential tiding on free view didn’t change the way I reacted even a little bit: my blood instantly boiled and I went infuriating for my friend in need. Maybe there’s no where stands my free will to choose to want to help. But in the best moments of life, when we enjoy a gourmet meal, have sex with our beloved one, being embraced in friendships or acquire divine knowledge, we will still feel vividly satisfied, connected and fulfilled — no free wills chooses us to be wired this way, but we are. Oh gosh! I am so grateful that we aren’t omniscient beings, so even we don’t have free will, at least the illusion of free will is for us, and the illusion is so real that we get to control our acts and future. Perhaps we aren’t captains of our ship, but that doesn’t stop us from turning our helms or stepping on our pedals. That, I guess is enough.
“Hey! Stop daydreaming!” Julian urged me. I grabbed the helm and the ship turned to my accord. And the ship sailed to defeat the monster at full speed.
Nothing in me is free; nothing in the world is free. But is the captain that stands between.
Three pillars to build a habit that lasts
Three pillars to build a habit that lasts
Think: How do you eat an elephant?
“One bite at a time.” No matter how big the elephant is — chasing dream is alike
All life aspirations, be it as big as building a startup, or simply getting healthy, share a common characteristic: they can’t be done in one step.
If an aspiration could be fulfilled by one simple step, it would’ve been achieved. Rather, an aspiration remains an aspiration, because it requires a lot of small, habitual changes in one’s personal life. Say one simply doesn’t get healthy if exercising is out of his daily routine.
But the big aspiration is like an elephant after all — it needs to be achieved one step at a time. Based on my personal experience and psychology theories, I will be sharing how to build a small habit that lasts and contribute to the bigger goals in life.
1. Make one, concrete, and small target
There are differences between an aspiration and a target. An aspiration, such as “be knowledgeable” gets us excited, but we only have a vague sense of directions in terms of how to attain it and a set of practical actions is absent in the mind.
Whereas, targets are doable actions that follow the direction of the aspiration. When building a habit, aim for doing one, concrete and small action at a time.
For instances: “I will be reading whenever I am on a train.”, or “I will do exercise for 30 minutes every day.”
Well defined targets are highly effective for several reasons. They may sound trivial, but the modest effort required by these little targets set a low psychological barrier — so one would be willing to do them even they’re hyped. They are immediately achievable with a push of willpower. And you’ll know once you’ve completed them — I’ll show why this is very important in the next section.
Many people, myself included, make oath to completely change their lifestyle in a short timeframe on a whim. “Starting from tomorrow — I will read, exercise, join more activities, and also kickstart my dream projects.” Usually, these words are said on an incredible night with good accompany and few pints of beer. Needless to say, most people give up the goal the very next morning unless they have exceptional grit.
Meanwhile, set one small-but-firm goal would warrant success for more people.
Now you have the target defined — how do you persevere through the short-lived enthusiasm? Humans operate on a simple, carrot-and-stick principle, therefore, it is important to make yourself feel good on the way.
2. Reward yourself
The theory of operant conditioning dictates that lab rats will set their foot on a lever, if that action entails food.
Pressing lever resembles our well-defined goal very much, it is one action that is concrete and small. If so, what’s the “food” for us that would keep us pressing the “lever”? We can’t just eat a buffet lunch every time after we complete our target.
However, unlike rats, humans have this powerful gift we can give to ourselves anytime: thoughts.
The key is whenever you attain your little target, give a little compliment to yourself: “Good job. It’s hard but I made it” and simply saying an energetic “Yes” in mind would do. Or try to imagine how could these small steps could contribute to your life aspiration. Build asssoication between happiness and achieving targets — this would keep you motivated.
The art of this approach lies in the snowballing momentum of self- reinforcement. Experience of attaining small targets tied to happiness could motivate one to pursue greater success, which in turns require greater grit and commitment.
3. Forgive yourself
No matter how well the target is defined and we motivate ourselves. Sometimes we fall short of the daily for once for the fact that we’re humans.
Often, this leads the total collapse of the whole plan. “Well, I failed already, so what’s the point of continue?”
That sounds like the motivational version of the broken glass theory: suppose a new school building with 100 windows was erected, in the first 10 years, the windows were kept intact until a naughty student threw a stone at a window.
How much time would it take to break all the windows? Is it 10000 years? Turn out all windows were broken within few days the first was broken.
The broken glass theory points to our tendency to focus on the “broken part” of the whole picture and treat it as an approval for further vandalising.
It is a common reaction to seeing a failed instance as a failed plan as a whole. But hey, logically speaking how would a missed day of reading severely damage the long-term goal to be knowledgeable?
If you feel like giving up on the midway or because of a failed target, try to reframe it this way — a target is day-to-day based. Maybe yesterday you failed — but it has absolutely nothing do with whether you can attain the target today. Forgive the past failures, don’t let them be dangling ghosts that hinder you from going after your present target.
Speaking of habit — I guess you won’t give up brushing teeth altogether had you missed a single day? The same applies to other habits — it is really okay to miss targets.
I wrapped this stroy in a concise text:
My ultimate goal is _________, a daily small and concrete goal towards this goal could be ________________ (Point1) and I would be starting it (tomorrow).
I am going to say to myself ______________________(Point 2) whenever I finished my little target. If I feel discouraged because of occasionally missed goal, I am going to remind myself ________________________(Point 3).
Attentive Listening — learn the art of communication from psychology master Carl Jung
The importance of attentive listening
Speaking of seeking a counsellor’s advice nowadays, it’s quite natural to come up with the image that two persons sit on two chairs. One of them opens his heart, while another one responds with care and compassion — not very different from talking to a friend after all.
We may think this is the “normal” form of psychotherapy, how psychotherapy “ought” to be, but the fact is, in the infancy of modern psychotherapy, things were quite different. Say, in the psychoanalytic tradition of Sigmund Freud, clients used to sit on a long couch, and the therapist would sit behind, at a location invisible to the client. Therapists were supposed to be disinterested towards the patients, rendering a “white paper” to let the patients project their fantasies and impulses. While the therapist may provide professional analysis, self-discourse was kept at a minimal level. This image may come rather aloof or condescending — quite different from what we would expect.
What contributed to the drastic change? Carl Jung is definitely one of, if not the most important change maker. Jung used to have an ambivalent relationship with Freud, they deeply appreciated each other’s intellectual prowess, but as Jung’s career developed, he gradually formulated his own philosophy to psychotherapy which is unreconcilable to Fraud’s one. Jung believed, psychotherapy is a social occasion, the clients aren’t in passive roles, awaiting command or instruct from the therapist, but rather, the client and therapist form an alliance that works towards a common goal through discussion and care — which carries great resemblance with the concept of “therapeutic alliance” today. Therefore, he ditched the psychoanalytic couch for the two chairs, the rationale behind was to “level” the client to the therapist for the fact that they are both humans, and it is humanity that worth to be emphasised. As he has once said:
“If the person has a neurosis, ‘that is something extra, but people should be regarded as normal and met socially.”
Jung’s attitude towards those in need is very worth referencing. Many of his clients testified to his veracity, gentleness, and humbleness. He said: “only the wounded physician heals” which pretty much sums up how he perceives his role. He would listen, with full attentiveness, no matter how “absurd” his clients’ words seem to be. This non-judgemental attitude gave him the ability to make sense of his clients seemingly “absurd” beliefs, as these beliefs wouldn’t seem absurd anyone once he understood the clients’ life narrative.
As a person, we have our own worldview and beliefs, which will, at least in some cases, contradict with others. The non-judgemental attitude of Jung would come very handy at the moment, when we’re listening to something that we disagree, try to understand and comprehend with your heart. When the speaker finishes, we may probe them with our genuine concern. Such that, a conversion would be an invaluable chance for mutual growth of the speaker and listener.
為何他不懂我的愛?
愛需要翻譯:蓋瑞・巧門5種愛的語言
戀情的開始,兩人都覺得心花怒放,爲了哄對方開心花盡心思,相處的時間甜蜜得有點肉麻,各自回家後還一直發白日夢思念對方,邊想邊傻笑。
關係持續好一段時間後,卻發現熱情不再,相處的時間變得無聊,甚至懷疑愛是不是已是曾經。
懷念以往最浪漫最刺激令人上癮的日子,原來那是愛情三角理論中的激情(Passion),只是三分一而已。
當關係變得長遠,激情開始淡化時,兩人便進入一個由親密(Intimacy)和承諾(Commitment)建立的新階段。
(有關愛情三角理論,請閱讀樹洞文集其他作者的作品。
)
當激情淡化,選擇繼續在一起的伴侶就開始抱怨:「我不覺得他愛我。」「我已經盡我所能愛她了,她還想怎樣?」「如果他愛我,他就會……」「他愛我,我卻感受不到。」蓋瑞・巧門(Gary Chapman),作爲婚姻輔導員和牧師,遇到過很多對有這類煩惱的情侶,因而提出了5種愛的語言(5 Love Languages)的理論。
蓋瑞・巧門(Gary Chapman):5種愛的語言
蓋瑞・巧門(Gary Chapman)最先在1992年提出愛有五種不同語言。
由於每個人最主要、最習慣的語言都不同,所以我們要學會對方的愛的語言,才能有效地向對方表達愛意[1]。
巧門認爲愛有三種意義:愛是一種情感(激情),是一種態度(承諾),也是一種情感需要(親密)。
巧門將愛的情感需要比喻為貯水池(love tank),我們需要別人用我們的愛的語言表達愛,才會讓貯水池充滿愛。
這五種接受愛的語言分別是精心的時刻(Quality Time)、肯定的語言(Words of Affirmation)、接收禮物(Receiving Gifts)、服務的行動(Acts of Service)和身體接觸(Physical Touch)。
Interested in philosophy? 3 riveting philosophy books for beginners
Changing the way we see the world and life
There are the three books, each with very different style, and shed light on very different parts of philosophy. None of them requires prior knowledge in the field, and they’re highly readable and inspiring.
So here we go.
Every Time I Find the Meaning of Life, They Change It: Wisdom of the Great Philosophers on How to Live
by Daniel Klein
This book is a collection of short proverbs from great philosophers, accompanied by the author’s witty comments. Mainly, it deals with one question: how should we live our lives?
Some proverbs this book dealt might sound familiar to you, say: “Existence precedes essence” — Jean-Paul Sartre, some other are highly resonating: “Life oscillates like a pendulum, back and forth between pain and boredom” — Arthur Schopenhauer.
But philosophy is not about just knowing the proverbs. Rather, it calls for us to reflect, engage or even challenge these ideologies. In this book lively words, it shows how the quest in philosophy can be intimately close to our ways of living.
Also, be warned — an idea cannot be unlearned. Once this book challenged your usual way of living, you will end up in unfamiliar intellectual territories and there is no way back.
Introduction to Logic
by Harry J Gensler
This is a university textbook for introductory courses to logic, also my very first philosophy book. In spite of its academic nature, surprisingly this is the easiest read among three.
The credits of readability should go all to the author’s prowess in language. Concepts, simple or sophisticated ones, are always elucidated in concise, and rigorous language.
Logic is of utmost importance to philosophy — and for this part, I better leave it to the author to explain his work:
Logic is the analysis and appraisal of arguments. When you do logic, you try to clarify reasoning and separate good from bad reasoning. As you work through this book, you’ll examine reasoning on various topics, both philosoph-ical (like free will and determinism, the existence of God, and the nature of morality) and non-philosophical (like backpacking, water pollution, football, Supreme Court decisions, and the Bible). You’ll come to see logic not as an irrelevant game with funny symbols, but as a useful tool to clarify and evaluate our reasoning — whether on life’s deeper questions or on everyday topics.
Not only this book teaches you logic, I like how the author shows logic’s relevance to other philosophical and daily matters. After this book, you will have a brief image of what kind of problems philosophy tackles, and how to approach these critically.
This set an excellent foundation for further pursuing philosophy — it trains you to think better, as well.
Sophie’s World
by Jostein Gaarder
The best known of these three. Sophie’s World is a novel about a little girl who became a student of an old philosopher. This is a book introductory material of history of philosophy, as you’ll be following Sophie’s journey as her teacher expounds pre-greek to modern existential philosophy in simple language — as if you’re talking to an old-wise friend.
Approaching philosophy through its history has its vantage points. You’ll get to see different epochs of philosophical progress, and their pertinent challenges, as well as how these challenges are tackled by philosophers at a later point in time. This would be helpful for your own philosophical thinking because you’ll be able to see how forebear response, conceptualise and refine the same problem.
It’s a novel, then, of course, it has own plot. As Sophie learns more, one day she discovered her world it like the world in Matrix, she and her teacher planned for a great escape. But for this part… you better discover it yourself.
看完文章以後,不知道大家對本地運動員有沒有多一份的尊重呢?
成敗雖然只是一瞬間的事,但希望當我們大喊「We are Hong Kong」時,都記住他們默默地為香港付出很多很多。
參考
[1] Post, Phillip & Wrisberg, Craig. (2012). A Phenomenological Investigation of Gymnasts’ Lived Experience of Imagery. Sport Psychologist. 26. 98-121. 10.1123/tsp.26.1.98.
[2] Skinner, B. R., (2013) “The Relationship Between Confidence and Performance Throughout a Competitive. All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 285.
[3] Ford, J. L., Ildefonso, K., Jones, M. L., & Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2017). Sport-related anxiety: current insights. Open access journal of sports medicine, 8, 205–212. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S125845
重視他人的感受本應是同理心的展現,但若恆常地忽略自我需求,不免會將自己的底線無限退後,如心理學的登門檻效應(Skips threshold effect/Foot In The Door Effect)就指出一個人如果答應了一個微小的要求,那麼這個人也會傾向於接受更高難度的要求,換言之若你一直不懂拒絕,你自己也會無下限地滿足對方更高的要求,例如當你勉強答應了一星期內完成的工作,下次上司要求你五天內完成,就算這在你能力範圍外你也傾向答應。
說到成長思維,有句英文諺語很值得分享:
“Failure makes two types of people: the victim or the victor; the choice is yours to make.”
這句話大約的意思就是失敗的人有兩種:第一種是一蹶不振的輸家,第二種是能夠捲土重來的贏家,而決定權往往在自己手中。
人一生總有挫折,但是關鍵在於我們怎樣看待失敗這回事。
具備成長思維(Growth mindset)的人會將生活上大大小小的挑戰視為「成長」的機會,從中學習,令自己不斷進步。
他們相信努力比天賦更重要,不會因為成功而停下腳步,更不會因為失敗而質疑自己的能力。
這種「just do it 」的積極態度無形中就鞏固了他們對自己的信任。
以下的方法都有助你培養成長思維:
由臨床心理學家 Dr Steven Berglas 提出的「精疲力竭症」(Supernova Burnout) 是指人所經歷的一種慢性惶恐、失望、痛苦、抑鬱的心理狀態。
患者通常以成功人士為主,即使他們事業有成,卻沒有因此感到快樂自信,反而感到焦慮倦怠,甚至恐懼無助,再也無法從工作中獲得心靈上的滿足。
所謂的「Kiss up kick down」 就是職場裡典型的雙面人——對上司阿諛奉承,但對著下屬或者同事就百般刁難。
筆者從事零售銀行業的朋友就有這樣的經歷,當他的團隊達不到年初設定的目標時,哪怕只是差了0.3%的營業額,team head 也會以攻擊性的字句辱罵那位朋友,將團隊的失敗怪罪於他。
但相反,那位 team head 對管理層匯報時卻會擺出另一副謙恭有禮的嘴臉,會面時亦不忘寒暄一番:「X經理,令尊最近身體好嗎?」「你近排好似有啲熱氣喎,我轉頭就買啲綠豆湯比你」。
這不單令剛入職的朋友無所適從,也令他質疑自己的能力。
作為 Big Five理論中五大性格特質的一員,盡責性嘗試展現我們履行責任的傾向。
就如上文所說,盡責性與學業和事業上的成功有著很大的關係。
但其實除此之外,盡責性與人的心身健康息息相關。
記得在大學的性格心理學課中,教授就說過增加自己的盡責性是我們對自己長遠而言最好的投資,沒有之一。
筆者十分推介有興趣的讀者嘗試閱讀有關的學術文獻。
如果讀完這篇文章後你仍然對人充滿好奇心,想必讀者們會對樹洞香港的了解自己,探索自我: 心理學必修課感到興趣。
這課程會會運用心理學提升動機、設定目標,令你成爲一個更了解自己,忠於自己的人。
參考
[1] Digman, J. M., & Takemoto-Chock, N. K. (1981). Factors In The Natural Language Of Personality: Re-Analysis, Comparison, And Interpretation Of Six Major Studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 16(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1602_2
[2] Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet Scales for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness: A Revision of the NEO Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(9), 887–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90177-d
[3] DeYoung, C. G., Quilty, L. C., & Peterson, J. B. (2007). Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880
[4] Dewitte, S., & Schouwenburg, H. C. (2002). Procrastination, temptations, and incentives: the struggle between the present and the future in procrastinators and the punctual. European Journal of Personality, 16(6), 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.461
[5] Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530–541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530
[6] Dudley, N. M., Orvis, K. A., Lebiecki, J. E., & Cortina, J. M. (2006). A meta-analytic investigation of conscientiousness in the prediction of job performance: Examining the intercorrelations and the incremental validity of narrow traits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.40
[7] Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., & Barrick, M. R. (1999). The Bog Five personality traits, general mental abilities, and career success across the lifespan. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 621–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00174.x
在愛情吸引力的上、下篇,我們認識了吸引力的四個大元素:相似性、鄰近性、互惠性和親密感。
關於愛情的研究有很多,如果想更了解戀愛關係,可以看看Dr. Robert Sternberg著名的愛情三角理論。
喜歡一個人、被一個人吸引的原因可以有很多,也不是心理學家用三言兩語就可解釋清楚。
在關係中,我們都迷惘過、執著過。
最重要的還是自我關懷(Self-compassion),在苦痛中懷著善意照顧和接納當下的自己。
今天放不下,由它吧。
人總會成長的,不必下下怪責自己。
最後引用一句歌詞:「若是純屬愛,可有對或錯」。
【愛情心理學】 愛情吸引力法則 出Pool拍拖4大要點 (上)
「So I say I love you, 只有愛恆久不枯……」不論你是不是「姜糖」,相信你都一定會唱這首歌。
除了心愛的偶像,你有沒有一個喜歡的人?
或許單身的你正想申請愛情簽證,正式開始發展新戀情。
但到底是甚麼因素會令兩個人互相吸引?
你的心儀對象又是否合適的人?
若你不想成為感情裡的蝸牛,總是遲十秒,遲十秒……那就要看看本篇愛情心理學的「愛情吸引力法則」!
不知你有沒有察覺,其實恐怖片亦利用了不少手法來增加觀眾的驚嚇程度,令觀眾覺得更刺激、更投入。
學者 Mariani 總括了三種特徵,分別是製造懸念(tension)、製造關聯 (relevance for the viewers),以及不現實主義(a sense of unrealism)。
恐怖片經常透過不同聲效、畫面去製造懸念,令觀眾一同體驗主角如何逃離恐懼。
不單如此,恐怖片通常會包含更豐富的感情色彩,例如畏懼(dread)、驚嚇(fright and shock)、沮喪(dismay)、煎熬(panic and anguish)、血腥(gore)等畫面,增加片中的緊張感。
其次,恐怖片會利用大眾認知的「恐怖」事物來製造關聯,引起共鳴。
這可以細分為較大眾化的恐懼(例如黑和死亡)、歷史性的恐懼(例如核戰)、某特定群組的恐懼(例如學校霸淩),以及個人層面上的恐懼(例如社會恐懼)。
說起恐怖的事物,不能不提 Masahiro Mori 於 1970 年提出的恐怖谷理論(Uncanny Valley)。
理論中提及人最懼怕那種似人非人的生物,因為他們既擁有人的基本特徵,又帶有與別不同的外貌,激起我們最原始對陌生人的恐懼(primordial fear of strangers),因而令我們的好感度突然下降,產生壓惡或反感的情緒。
反倒那些完全非人型的生物(例如卡通人物),或一些太接近人型的生物則不能引起那麼強烈的感覺。
所以,這也解釋了為何恐怖片經常選用僵屍、小丑等角式,因為他們正正落入了「恐怖谷」的範圍!
恐怖片中的不現實主義有利觀眾產生一種心理上的距離感,令他們不執著於劇情的對與錯。
恐怖片通常伴隨一些音樂和特效來增加感情渲染和虛幻的感覺,藉此減少了觀眾理性分析的時間,令他們能更專注於畫面上的觀感。
此外,學者 Carroll 早在 1990 年指出恐怖片中的非現實情境能讓觀眾暫時抽離他們熟悉的社會模樣,有助他們去想像如何生活在一個不一樣的世界的同時,提供一個安全的場景讓他們探索未知的恐懼。
恐怖片心理:愈恐怖愈想看?
相信大家都很好奇為何有人會愛看恐怖片,還要一直追看呢?
心理學家 Zillmann(1978)提出了刺激遷移理論(exctation transfer theory),指出人在面對不同的刺激時會產生多種情緒,而我們對一種事物的刺激反應會放大我們對另一種事物的刺激感覺。
簡單來說,恐怖片中的懸疑和恐懼會引起我們對片中危機的負面情緒,這樣亦會放大我們對最終結果的渴求。
所以當這種危機在最後得以瓦解時,那種積累已久的負面感覺會一下子轉化成解脫的感覺,令我們有一種如釋重負的快樂。
這樣就能解釋為何看恐怖片會令人愉快。
另一位心理學家 Paul Rozin 提出了良性自虐(benign masochism)的理論,解釋了為何人總是做出令自己難受的事情,包括吃辣、聽失戀音樂、看恐怖片等 (Rozin et al., 2013)。
學者解釋這些事情最初的確會令我們感到痛苦和難過,但當我們意識到這些痛苦並不會構成真實危險,我們便會得到額外的滿足感。
所以當我們確定了恐怖片中的情節並不真實存在,那種興奮的情緒便會取代恐懼(hedonic reversal),令我們產生動機繼續追看 (Clasen et al., 2020)。
恐懼是與生俱來的感受 ,而每人對恐懼的感覺亦不同。
在恐怖片的世界裏,有人認為它單純具娛樂性質,亦有人認為它反映了人性黑暗面,讓人心寒。
所以不論是畫面上的驚嚇還是劇情上的反思,我們也有一套對恐怖片的定義和期望,因此不論是喜歡還是害怕,我們也不必為迎合大眾的口味來強迫自己接受恐懼!
Arnold Lee 李澄熹(樹洞香港心理輔導及心理學服務顧問)
很多朋友説,《幻愛》是近年少有把心理學及其應用拍得別出心裁的電影,因為電影中出現了很多心理輔導的情景,台詞中也有很多與輔導及心理學有關的詞彙,包括反移情(Countertransference)、創傷(Trauma)、精神病(Mental disorder)、精神分裂症(Schizophrenia)等。
這次我們從由蔡思韵飾演的女主角,就讀臨床心理學的輔導員葉嵐去認識助人者的傷口。
警告:下文含有劇透,敬請留意。
葉嵐在輔導過程中持續向臨床督導及教授 Dr. Fung,其實一個輔導員在輔導過程中必須會有一位督導監督輔導過程,臨床督導(Supervision)的責任是保障輔導服務的質素,並留意輔導員的心理狀態是否能夠提供符合要求的輔導支援,在電影中 Dr. Fung 在不同場合對葉嵐作出提醒,甚至能夠從葉嵐的早期經歷連結起當事人(Client)阿樂的共同點,並作出提醒;
此外,Dr. Fung 亦在發現葉嵐及阿樂發展出愛情關係後,命令其終止輔導服務。
可惜 Dr. Fung 雖然遵守專業操守,但卻沒有與葉嵐探討其輔導過程中的起伏,很多時候只給予提點及指責,並沒有接納她在輔導過程中一切感受,間接導致後來葉嵐強烈的反移情。
其實臨床督導除了保障服務質素,更應該給予同理心(Empathy)及詳細的諮詢(Consultation)。
其中一個 Dr. Fung 督導葉嵐的時候提到兩個心理學的用詞:移情(Transference)及反移情 (Countertransference)。
她指出阿樂對葉嵐有移情作用,根據精神分析(Psychoanalysis)學派創始人佛洛伊德(Freud)指,精神分析治療正是透過輔導關係中當事人對治療師或輔導員投射出壓抑的情感及需求(Repressed emotions and needs),此過程稱作移情,而治療師則會以此為資源幫助當事人重建正常的生活方式。
阿樂的母親從小告訴他沒有其他人比她更愛阿樂,對愛情有恐懼的阿樂不敢想像自己可以擁有愛情,所以當他遇上葉嵐時,一直壓抑的需求移情到輔導員身上(雖然阿樂當初患上了情愛妄想,也可能是源於過份壓抑)。
葉嵐如果可以善用阿樂的移情為阿樂重新理解愛情,亦可以重新學習表達愛意,而非壓抑作為人所盼望的親密需求。
葉嵐雖作為輔導員,但由於未能發現自己被愛的需求,在電影中應亦未見她有就著自己的經歷接收輔導,在阿樂在輔導過程中的一句說話:「感覺到她是一個很善良,很像天使一樣」,一下子填補了一直自我價值低落的空虛感,亦感覺被接受了,葉嵐亦在此時此刻對阿樂產生了反移情。
反移情是指輔導員在輔導過程中不自覺地投射了自己的需求到當事人的上,從而令輔導關係變得不現實,倘若輔導員能早日發現,可以改善輔導關係。
但由於雙方對愛情及接納需求過分的壓抑,發生了一段凄美的愛情故事,最終亦都必須終止輔導。
負傷的治療者(Wounded healer)
筆者記得自己在 Year 3 修讀輔導的專業操守的時候,當時 lecturer 跟我們指出喜歡做輔導的同學,大部份都是有過一些經歷。
當我們遇上正在體驗相同經歷的人,我們會很希望拯救他們,避免他們與我們當初一樣這麼痛苦。
這是無可厚非的,但倘若我們未有能力處理好曾經的經驗,我們何來有能力走入當事人的世界?我們拯救的究竟是無能為力的自己,還是你的當事人?
沒錯,我們大部分都是負傷的治療者,我們在治療及輔導其他人的時候,可能有些傷口一直在淌血,就如電影中的葉嵐及阿樂,有着最敏感的心靈,有着拯救對方的使命,有着比任何人也接納對方的心態,但卻接受不了自己的敏感,拯救不了自己,接納不了自己的黑暗面。
我曾見證很多輔導員及社會工作者在助人的同時,因為未能夠處理自己的感受及經歷,在輔導的過程心力交瘁,燃盡了自己的內在資源(Burnout)。
其實輔導員及社會工作者也需要被幫助,也可以接受輔導及督導,把自己的期盼分享,把自己的哀傷訴說,繼而分清自己及當事人的問題,完善輔導服務。
著名存在主義學派心理學家弗蘭克(Victor Frankl)有一句名言: “What is to give light must endure burning”,發光的總要承受燃燒,走入受助者的世界總會承受傷害。
各位發亮的助人者,辛苦你們了,相信你們走來的路也不容易,希望未來為社會發光發熱同時,請也好好照顧自己。
未來專頁將會更新更多心理學及輔導學資訊,希望各位持續關注專頁,喜歡的請 like 及 share, 如欲知道更多心理輔導資訊,歡迎聯絡樹洞香港。
照片來源:《幻愛》劇照
在職場上,一個有團隊精神的群體應該要有一個清晰簡潔的架構(a strong structure),包括團隊的組成也應該有恰當的多樣性,人數也不適宜太多或太少(a right mix and number of members)。
多樣性指可以適度將不同的文化背景、性別和種族的人放在一起工作,因為他們各自的思考、行為模式和技能可以取長補短、相輔相成,發揮員工之間創新的化學作用來推動積極正面的工作環境(positive dynamics)。
這樣可以避免群體思考(groupthink)或出現人云亦云的狀況,刺激批判性思維。
雖然強調多樣性,但並不代表群體架構會變得混亂。
相反,公司的架構應該清晰而簡潔,避免出現冗員或職務重疊的現象。
這個實驗包含三個組別。
首先,在第一組別 (condition A) 裡,研究人員會派發一張英文工作紙 (word searching worksheet),指示參加者把特定的英文詞語圈出來,並把自己的姓名寫上工作紙顯眼位置,完成後給予現金報酬。
www.english-learn-online.com
當參加者完成首張工作紙後,研究人員會從頭到尾看一遍,然後把工作紙放到一旁。
接着研究人員會再次詢問他們是否願意再完成下一張工作紙,而往後的報酬亦會逐次遞減。
在第二組別 (condition B) 裡,任務性質與報酬法則完全跟 Condition A 一致,但不同的是: (1) 參與者不用寫上姓名及; (2) 研究人員沒有把工作紙看一遍便把它放到一旁。
最後,在第三組別 (condition C) 裡,任務性質與報酬法則跟上兩者無異,唯一不同的是,每次完成工作紙後,研究人員不但不看,而且立即把工作紙放進碎紙機「毀滅」。
結果如何呢? 在第一組別裡,參加者平均完成一張工作紙的報酬是 15 美仙,表示他們完成的次數較多。
而在第三組別裡,參加者平均完成一張工作紙的報酬是 30 美仙,表示他們完成了較少的次數。
最值得關注的是,在第二組別裡,參加者的平均報酬跟第三組別沒顯著分別,證明「忽視」參加者的「成果」(effort) 所帶來的效果跟直接「摧毀」其成果分別不大。
《薛西弗斯之神話》之教誨
在古希臘神話中,薛西弗斯 (Sisyphus) 因惹怒宙斯而遭永遠的責罰,那便是他必須把一塊石頭推上山:到石頭達頂部時,將再次滾回山下,讓薛西弗斯重新開始。
在卡繆(Albert Camus) 的著作《薛西弗斯之神話》(The Myth of Sisyphus) 中,薛西弗斯無休止和毫無意義的辛勞便是現代人工作時狀態的暗喻。
根據 Dan Ariely,上述兩個實驗當中,當場把模型拆卸和把工作紙粉碎便是一種「薛西弗斯處境」(Sisyphic condition) 的體現。
儘管參與者能獲取相應的報酬 (而金額逐次遞減的安排是基於符合經濟學需求定律 law of demand 以及邊際使用價值遞減法則 law of diminishing marginal use value的需要),一旦他們深知所做的一切都是徒勞無功,或不會獲得任何人的「積極關注」(遑論「認同」及「讚賞」),他們繼續工作的動機及熱誠已經大為減低。
這裡帶出的曙光是,作為企業的管理層,除了薪酬的調整及獎賞外,對僱員工作表現的關注 (或「擺上心」) 本身已經有一種釋放員工勞動力的作用。
當然,從悲觀的角落來看,光是對員工表現成果的視而不見已經能對他們的士氣造成毀滅性的打擊。
實驗三、摺紙手工及其啟示
參加者分為兩組。
在第一組別裡 (condition A) 裡,研究人員給予參與者一份摺紙手工 (origami) 的說明書,內容詳細教導參加者摺出一隻簡單而「栩栩如生」的漂亮小動物。
然後讓摺紙者及另一位旁觀者分別為該作品估價,結果摺紙者的估價比旁觀者的估價高出約五倍。
在另一組別 (condition B) 裡,研究人員這次給予的說明書只包含簡短的提示,使摺紙過程不但難度增加,而且製成品傾向變得「醜陋」,然後同樣邀請雙方估價。
結果呢? 這次摺紙者的估價更高,但同時旁觀者的估價則更低,形成較大的價值差距。
摺紙實驗帶出的道理是,合適的工作難度 (difficulty) 與自主權 (autonomy) 某程度上能提升員工的工作投入感及熱誠。
根據認知失調理論 (cognitive dissonance theory),由於人們有「言行一致」的傾向,或換句話說,我們難以接受「自己花了許多精力和時間做一件毫無意義的工作」的事實,所以當我們一旦花費大量心血來完成某項任務時,我們傾向會認同該工作是有意義的,以達至認知與行為的一致性 (consistency between cognition and behaviour)。
Ariely, D., Kamenica, E., & Prelec, D. (2008). Man’s search for meaning: The case of Legos. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 67(3-4), 671-677.